1.GSK3 Inhibition Reduces Inflammatory Responses of Microglia and Upregulates Il-10 Production
Zuhaida Md Zain ; Sharmili Vidyadaran ; Masriana Hassan
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2017;13(1):1-8
Introduction: Neurodegeneration resulting from pathogen invasion or tissue damage has been associated with
activation of microglia, and exacerbated by the release of neurotoxic mediators such as pro-inflammatory cytokines,
chemokines and reactive oxygen species. Activation of microglia stimulated by lipopolysaccharide is mediated in
part by GSK-3 signaling molecule. Induced IL-10 expression via GSK-3 inhibition is noteworthy since IL-10 has been
remarkably shown to suppress inflammation. Objectives: We aimed to inactivate microglia through inhibition of
GSK-3 signaling and to determine its effects on the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Methods:
LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells were treated with a GSK-3 inhibitor (LiCl, NP12, SB216763 or CHIR99021). Inhibition
of GSK-3 was determined by the phosphorylation status of GSK-3β. The effects of GSK-3 inhibition on microglial
inflammatory response were investigated by examining various mediators and CD200R marker. Production of nitric
oxide (NO), glutamate and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured using flow cytometry, Griess assay,
glutamate assay and Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) respectively. Results: GSK-3β signaling in LPS-stimulated microglia
was blocked by GSK-3 inhibitor through increased phosphorylation at Serine 9 residue. GSK-3 inhibitors had also
led to reducing in microglia activity via increased expression of CD200R. Inhibition of GSK-3 also diminished
inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), glutamate, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and
chemokine, MCP-1. Reduction of pro-inflammatory mediators by GSK-3 inhibitor was coincided with increased
IL-10 production. Conclusions: Suppression of microglia-mediated inflammatory response was facilitated by GSK-3
inhibition with associated increased in IL-10 production.
Microglia
2.Establishing a Culture System that Supports in Vitro Expansion of Adult Microglia
Hemavathy Subramaiam ; Alireza Badiei ; Rajesh Ramasamy ; Maha Abdullah ; Sharmili Vidyadaran
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2010;6(2):25-30
Introduction: The vast majority of in vitro research on microglia are based on cells isolated from neonatal animals (3-5 days of age). Studying microglia of adults has been limited by the lack of a suitable culture system that supports their growth. In this study, we describe a protocol for growing microglia of adults based on modifications of the technique for culturing microglia isolated from neonatal rats. Methods: Mixed glia isolated from adult rats (age range of 1 month to 3 years old) were seeded in culture flasks coated with poly-L-lysine. Cells were maintained in DMEM media supplemented with insulin-transferrin-selenium (ITS) and recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Mild trypsinisation was carried out to isolate microglia from mixed glia culture. Results: Microglia cells of adult rats were successfully grown in vitro. For the expansion of adult microglia, it was observed that coating the cell culture flasks with poly-L-lysine was crucial to encourage cell adherence. The substitution of insulin in culture media with ITS was found to improve cell yield and reduced the number of days required for culture from 28 days to 14 days. Addition of M-CSF to cell culture medium, along with the improvisations described above provided the best adult microglia cell yield (2.91 ± 0.56 x 10⁶ cells) compared to the technique of replating cells (0.91 ± 0.65 x 10⁶ cells; p<0.05). Conclusion: Optimisation of primary cell culture technique by coating culture flasks with poly-L-lysine,supplementation of culture medium with ITS and M-CSF allowed microglia of adult rats to be successfully cultured in vitro
3.Optimization of cell density and LPS concentration for the evaluation of nitric oxide production on BV-2 in a Griess assay
Nasim Karimi Hosseini ; Shinsmon Jose ; Sharmili Vidyadaran ; Syafinaz Amin Nordin
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2014;10(2):1-8
Introduction: Production of nitric oxide (NO) is one of the main responses elicited by a variety of
immune cells such as macrophages (e.g. microglia, resident macrophages of brain), during inflammation.
Evaluation of NO levels in the inflammatory milieu is considered important to the understanding of the
intensity of an immune response; and has been performed using different methods including the Griess
assay. To assay NO in culture, an appropriate number of cells are stimulated into an inflammatory phenotype.
Common stimuli include lipopolysaccharide (LPS), IFN-γ and TNF-α. However, overt stimulation could
cause cell cytotoxicity therefore an ideal concentration of LPS should be used. Objective: To set-up a
model of BV-2 cell activation that allows the assay of detectable levels of NO. Optimization of BV-2
microglia cell density and LPS concentrations after stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
for the Griess assay is demonstrated in this study. Methods: BV-2 microglia were cultured at different
cell densities, and treated with LPS at three concentrations (1, 5, 10 µg/ml). NO production in culture
supernatants were then measured at 18, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Moreover, methyl tetrazolium assay (MTT)
was also performed to ensure that NO measurement is performed at no-cytotoxic concentrations of
LPS. Results and Conclusions: NO production follows a temporal pattern. The density of 25000 cells/
well was the ideal seeding density for NO evaluation in BV-2 cells. BV-2 stimulation by LPS is dose
dependent, and NO levels are increased proportional to the LPS concentration up to 1.0µg/ml, whereas
the higher LPS concentrations are associated with decreased cell viability may be caused by the high
toxic levels of LPS or NO. Although Griess assay has been commonly used by the scientists, however,
optimization of its parameters on BV-2 cells will be useful for the experiments which will be performed
on this particular cell line. The optimized pattern of Griess assay on BV-2 cells was achieved in this
study, hence easier and more practical for the future scientists to perform Griess assay on BV-2 cells.
Nitric Oxide
4.Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Enhances the Expansion and Secretory Profile of Human Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Shalini Vellasamy ; Sharmili Vidyadaran ; Elizabeth George ; Rajesh Ramasamy
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2016;12(1):49-59
Introduction:Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold a great therapeutic potential for regenerative
medicine and tissue engineering due to inherent immunomodulatory and reparative properties. Hence,
it necessitates a readily available supplyof MSCs to meet the clinical demands adequately. Although,
a human placenta can produce MSCs, the in vitro culture-mediated cellular senescence often affect the
quality of cell product. Thus, the current study has explored the feasibility of basic fibroblast growth
factor (bFGF) to enhance the growth of placenta-derived MSCs (PLC-MSCs). Methods:The basic
fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was supplemented to optimise the growth of MSCs. The effects of
bFGF on morphology, growth kinetics and cytokine secretion of PLC-MSCs were assessed. Results:
The bFGF supplementation increased the proliferation of PLC-MSCs in a dose-dependent manner and
40 ng/ml showed a high trophism effect on PLC-MSC’s growth. In the presence of bFGF, PLC-MSCs
acquired a small and well-defined morphology that reflect an active proliferative status. BFGF has
induced PLC-MSCs to achieve a shorter doubling time (45 hrs) as compared to the non-supplemented
PLC-MSCs culture (81 hrs). Furthermore, bFGF impelled PLC-MSCs into cell cycle machinery where
a substantial fraction of cells was driven to S and G2/M phases. Amongst, 36 screened cytokines, bFGF
had only altered the secretion of IL-8, IL-6, TNFR1, MMP3 and VEGF. Conclusion:The present study
showed that bFGF supplementation promotes the growth of PLC-MSCs without significantly deviating
from the standard criteria of MSCs. Thus, bFGF could be considered as a potential mitogen to facilitate
the large-scale production of PLC-MSCs.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
5.The Efficiency of Cell Sorting and Harvesting Methods for In vitro Expansion of Human Umbilical Cord Blood derived CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Mohadese Hashem Borojerdi ; Maryam Maqbool ; Zuraidah Yusoff ; Sharmili Vidyadaran ; Ling King Hwa ; Elizabeth George ; Rajesh Ramasamy
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2015;11(2):21-28
Introduction: During the last three decades hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has become
a well-established treatment for many hematologic malignancies. The most important limitation for
HSC transplantation is the low number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) that can lead to delayed
engraftment or graft failures. Numerous attempts have been made to improve in vitro HSC expansion
via optimization of various methods such as isolation techniques, supplementing with growth factors,
utilizing stromal cells as feeder layer and other culture conditions. Objective: This project is aimed to
decipher the efficiency of an isolation technique and retrieval of culture expanded HSC from feeder
layer using two different harvesting methods. Materials and Methods: Hematopoietic stem cells from
human umbilical cord blood were isolated via MACS mediated CD34+ double sorting. Then, the cells
were cultured onto MSC feeder layer for 3 and 5 days. Culture expanded cells were harvested using
two different harvesting method namely cell aspiration and trypsinization methods. Hematopoietic stem
cell expansion index were calculated based on harvesting methods for each time point. Results: The
numbers of HSC isolated from human umbilical cord blood were 1.64 x 106 and 1.20 x106 cells at single
and double sortings respectively. Although the number of sorted cells diminished at the second sorting
yet the yield of CD34+ purity has increased from 43.73% at single sorting to 81.40% at double sorting.
Employing the trypsinization method, the HSC harvested from feeder layer showed a significant increase
in expansion index (EI) as compared to the cell aspiration harvesting method (p≤ 0.05). However, the
purity of CD34+ HSC was found higher when the cells were harvested using aspiration method (82.43%)
as compared to the trypsinization method (74.13%). Conclusion: A pure population of CD34+ HSC
can be retrieved when the cells were double sorted using MACS and expanded in culture after being
harvested using cell aspiration method.
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
6.Palm Tocotrienols Reduce Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Inflammatory Responses of Microglia
Shi Wei Tan ; Maha Abdullah ; Daud Ahmad Israf Ali ; Sharmili Vidyadaran
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2016;12(2):1-8
Introduction: The potential immunoregulatory effects of
tocotrienols, the less studied form of vitamin E, had not been
determined for microglia until our last publication showcased
primary evidence of palm tocotrienols limiting microglia
activation, explicitly by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production.
Here we further explored the nitrite scavenging activity of the
two most potent NO-reducing tocotrienol isoforms - δ-
tocotrienol and Tocomin50% (contains a spectrum of
tocotrienols and α-tocopherol) based on their inhibitory effects
on NO production and also their effects on CD40 (a microglial
co-stimulator molecule) expression of BV2 microglia. Methods:
BV2 cells were treated with two different doses of tocotrienols
(δ-tocotrienol: 3.96 μg/mL and 19.80 μg/mL; Tocomin50%:
47.50 μg/mL and 237.50 μg/mL) followed by stimulation with 1
μg/mL of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A chemical scavenging
assay was conducted to study the nitrite scavenging activity of δ-
tocotrienol. Together with Tocomin50%, we also determined
their effects on CD40 expression of BV2 microglia via flow
cytometry. Results: We demonstrate that the inhibitory effect of
tocotrienols on NO production by microglia is not attributed to
their nitrite scavenging activity. Additionally, tocotrienols also
reduced the expression of the microglial co-stimulator molecule,
CD40. Conclusions: Our data aids the further characterisation
of the actions of tocotrienols on microglia, offering insight into
the potential modulatory properties of palm tocotrienols on
microglial inflammatory responses within the central nervous
system (CNS).
7.Comparative Analysis of Inflammatory Markers Produced by Macrophages Inoculated with Invasive and Colonizing Strains of Streptococcus Agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) and Evaluation of Patients’ Clinical Data
Nassim Karimi Hosseini ; Sharmili Vidyadaran ; Shinsmon Jose ; Narges Eskandarian ; Zalina Ismail ; Syafinaz Amin Nordin
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2017;13(1):55-60
Introduction: Group B Streptococcus (GBS), infection and recurrence in newborns and pregnant women can lead to
chronic medical illness resulting in significant morbidity, and mortality. Pathogenesis of GBS may be due to reasons
such as activation of the immune system, followed by the production of inflammatory markers and toxic components
by immune cells including macrophages. Methods: The studies on invasive and colonizing GBS strains inoculated
either with peripheral or brain macrophages, the expression of nitric oxide (NO), cell viability, and CD40 were
also measured by Griess assay, methyl tetrazolium assay (MTT), and flow cytometry, respectively. Furthermore, the
clinical manifestations of the selected patients were also assessed for this study. Results: Outcome of inflammatory
markers studies, after GBS inoculation indicated that, invasive GBS strains induced higher inflammatory markers
in comparison to colonizing GBS strains. Furthermore, patients’ clinical data showed that patients with invasive
GBS infections had severe condition unlike among patients with colonizing GBS strains. The fatality rate in patients
with invasive GBS strain were 30.8% while there was no death among carriers. Conclusion: This study, aimed to
understand the immune response to GBS, and strengthen the knowledge on GBS pathogenesis. It was concluded
that invasive GBS strains not only showed higher expression of inflammatory markers on immune cells but also had
higher pathogenesis effect in comparison to colonizing GBS strains.
Streptococcus agalactiae
;
Pregnancy
8.Microglia-induced Neurotoxicity: A Review of in Vitro Co-culture Models
Nur Nabilah Ahmad Puzi ; Sharmili Vidyadaran
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2020;16(Supp 9, November):97-113
Microglia-induced neurotoxicity occurs when inflammation mediated by microglia causes loss of neuronal
structures or functions in the central nervous system implicated in stroke, spinal cord injury, sepsis,
neurodegenerative diseases and even psychiatric illnesses. Various co-culture in vitro microglia-induced
neurotoxicity (MINT) models have been established to enable an in-depth study of this process and yet there is a dearth of information regarding usages, advantages and limitations of each of the components of this model.
In this review, we examined 56 MINTs for the cells, stimuli, parameters, methods of neurotoxicity
measurement and formats of co-culture used in their construction. We aim to provide foundational
information, overall guideline and framework for the novice researcher to develop his/her own model and for the
advancement of improved, novel and more representative MINT models.
9.Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Impair the Proliferation of Monocytes Through Cell Cycle Interference
Maryam Maqbool ; Sharmili Vidyadaran ; Rajesh Ramasamy
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2020;16(Supp 9, November):9-15
Introduction: Monocytes are essential phagocytic cells of the innate immune system as they are required for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. However, accumulation of monocytes is implicated in various chronic
inflammatory diseases like coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis and in autoimmune disorders. Therefore, the number of monocytes must be carefully regulated to avoid monocyte induced inflammatory disorders. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown to be effective against various inflammatory diseases due to their immunosuppressive properties. The present study was designed to evaluate the less understood immunomodulatory effect of MSCs on monocyte proliferation and survival. Method: Primary monocytes were isolated from peripheral human blood using CD14+ monocyte isolation kit. The in house produced umbilical cord MSCs were co-cultured with monocytes at different ratio and time; assessed for the monocyte viability, proliferation and cell cycle. Results: Mesenchymal stem cells suppressed monocyte proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The antiproliferative effect of MSCs was mediated by cell cycle arrest, whereby monocytes were arrested in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle by preventing them from progress into S and G2/M phases. Although cell cycle arrest could potentially lead to apoptosis; however, MSCs significantly enhanced the monocytes survival and inhibited apoptosis. Conclusion: Human MSCs inhibit the
stimulated monocyte proliferation without inducing cellular apoptosis at in vitro. These results reveal that MSCs can be utilised to control monocytes’ quantity during an unwanted immune response to maintain homeostasis.
10.Comparative Evaluation of Mouse Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Characteristics Cultured in Two Different Supplemented Media
Kwan Liang Lye ; Norshariza Nordin ; Sharmili Vidyadaran ; Niu Jin Tan ; Rohayu Izanwati Mohd Rawi ; Karuppiah Thilakavathy
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2022;18(No.1):222-233
Introduction: Preclinical studies on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have allowed the cells to be considered as
a promising candidate for cellular therapy. In recent years, conflicting data have been reported regarding various
aspects of their characteristics, development and differentiation potential, which may be due to arrange of factors.
Among the factors worth investigating is the culture medium formulation. Methods: Here we have made a comparative characterization of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (mBM-MSC) that were cultured using two
common supplements, MesenCult™ Stimulatory Supplement (MSS) and fetal bovine serum (FBS), under the same
experimental conditions at different passages. Clonogenic potential, cumulative population doubling level (CPDL),
population doubling time (PDT), immunophenotyping, differentiation, immunosuppression potentials and chromosome analysis of early and late passages mBM-MSC were assessed. Results: Our findings showed that the CPDL,
immunophenotype and immunosuppression potential of mBM-MSC were similar. However, variations were seen
in their clonogenicity, population doubling time and differentiation efficacy whereby all of these were enhanced
in DMSS. These observations suggest that their genetic make-up may be affected by both supplements upon prolonged culture. Interestingly, this conjecture was supported when chromosomal analysis revealed genetic instability
of mBM-MSCs cultured in both supplements. Conclusion: In conclusion, culture medium formulation was shown to
cause variations and spontaneous transformation in mBM-MSCs raising concerns on the usage of late passages mBMMSCs in fundamental and preclinical downstream experiments.