It is necessary to determine the position of break points in order to study the structure rearrangement of chromosomes and gene mapping. Therefore it is indispensable to set up region, banded idiogram and nomenclature system. Nesbitt and Franke reported an idiogram and a nomenclature system for band patterns of mouse chromosomes which thereafter was accepted by the Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclture. Nevertheless, there are few data of systematical contrast studies in this domain. There are still difficulties for distinguishing between some chromosomes because they are similar and variability. In this paper, we compared our G-banding karyotypes with the banding patterns of Nesbitt's idiogram. Our 400 karyotypes come from bone marrow cells and fibroblasts of several normal inbred and outbred mice. Each banding obtained from each well banded chromosomes of different cells were contrasted to that of Nesbitt's idiogram. The results are as follows: 1. we have not found so many bands in one metaphase chromosome banded with trypsin-Giemsa technique as reported by Nesbitt. 2. The banding numbers and positions on each well banding chromosome picked out from different metaphase plates were consistent with those of Nesbitt's idiogrom. But some bands such as 1E1 and 1E2; 2E5-2F5; 4A3-4A5; 5C1-5C3 can't usually be distinguished in our data. 3. We observed that the major banding structure of each karyotype remains stability, but the minor banding structure appears to be variablitity in inbred mice. In addition, 6 variant pictures and region idiograms in the G-banding structure of each chromosome were showed and some notices for correct analysis of mouse karyotype were discussed.

Objective To examine the intracranial lesions before and after operation by functional MRI with BOLD technique, and to map the brain activation images of the patients on general MR images. Methods Thirty one patients had lesions involving the frontal and/or parietal lobes in one side of the cerebral hemispheres, and the lesions included 29 tumors (11 gliomas; 13 metastases; 5 meningiomas) and 2 infections. MSEPI technique was performed with four scan planar parallel AC PC. During each scan series, the patients were asked to perform repetitive finger thumb opposition movement in the same period of active and rest duration. All the scanning data were transferred to a workstation and dealt with statistical method. The patients had been examined again by the same sequence protocol postoperatively, and the fMRI images were analyzed and compared with that of the preoperation fMRI. Results The motor cortex of both cerebral hemisphere was asymmetrical, and the border between the motor cortex and lesions could be clearly identified in all of the patients preoperatively. After operation, both sites of the motor cortex were nearly replaced. Conclusion fMRI was very useful in evaluating the surgical planning and the prognosis of the patients.

Objective To study the effect of UHRF1 expression inhibition by RNA interference on the radiosensitivity of esophageal cancer cell line TE-1 and its mechanism.Methods Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting UHRF1 gene was introduced into TE-1 cells by lentivector-mediated transfer.The cells were divided into three groups:non-transfected group,negative control (NC)-shRNA-transfected group,and UHRF1-shRNA-transfected group.The mRNA and protein expression levels of UHRF1 in TE-1 cells were measured by RT-PCR and Western blot before and after transfection.After transfection and X-ray radiation,the radiosensitivity of TE-1 cells was evaluated by colony formation assay; the cell cycle and cell apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry; the γ-H2AX (as a marker of DNA damage) level was measured by Western blot.Results After transfection with UHRF1-shRNA,the mRNA and protein expression levels of UHRF1 were significantly decreased in TE-1 cells,as compared with those in the NC-shRNA-transfected group and non-transfected group (0.11 vs 0.96 and 0.98,F =124.21,P =0.000;0.10 vs 0.89 and 0.94,F =125.25,P =0.000).The UHRF1-shRNA-transfected group had sensitization enhancement ratios of 1.53 (D0 ratio) and 1.95 (Dq ratio).X-ray radiation could cause G2/M arrest and increase apoptotic rate and γ-H2AX expression in TE-1 cells.Compared with the two control groups,the UHRF1-shRNA-transfected group showed significantly less G2/M arrest (F =500.15,P =0.000),a significantly higher apoptotic rate (F =100.10,P =0.000),and significantly higher residual γ-H2AX expression (F =61.00,P =0.000) at 24 hours after X-ray radiation.Conclusions RNA interference can effectively inhibit the UHRF1 expression and enhance the radiosensitivity of TE-1 cells.The mechanism may be related to cell cycle regulation,cell apoptosis,and DNA damage repair.

Objective To analysis the imaging appearances of giant intracranial aneurysms(GIA).Methods Forty pathological proven GIA were included in this study.Results The MR appearances were variable depending on the present of thrombosis,the size and age of the thrombosis,and the secondary changes of the GIA.The typical flow void presented in majority patients.The flow artifacts were displayed across the residual lumen in the phase direction of MR image.The residual lumen showed dense contrast enhancement.The thrombosis was found in 26 GIAs with variable signal intensity from homogeneous hypo-or hyperintensity to onion or turbo like heterogeneous signal intensity without contrast enhancement.DSA studies displayed residual lumen of GIAs and fail to display totally thrombosis GIAs.Conclusion MR studies clearly show the residual lumen and thrombosis of GIAs.MR study is an important conjunctive tool of the DSA studies in diagnosis GIA.

Objective To assess the value of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) value at 3.0T diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in glioma grading before operation. Methods DTI was performed on 104 patients with histologically proved glioma. ADC, FA and DWI maps were produced, and ADC, FA value of solid tumors were measured and compared with the WHO classification of gliomas. Results Fifty-eight gliomas were WHO Ⅱ, 25 were WHO Ⅲ and 21 were WHO Ⅳ. The ADC value of WHO Ⅳ (0.81±0.20)×10~(-3)mm~2/s was lower than that of WHO Ⅲ [(1.05±0.30)×10~(-3)mm~2/s] and WHO Ⅱ[(1.26±0.32)×10~(-3)mm~2/s (P=0.008, P＜0.001)]. The ADC value of WHO Ⅲ was lower than that of WHO Ⅱ (P=0.003). The FA value of WHO Ⅳ (0.18±0.06) was higher than that of WHO Ⅱ (0.15±0.06) (P=0.046). No significance of FA was found between WHO Ⅲ (0.15±0.10) and Ⅱ, nor WHO Ⅳ and Ⅲ. Conclusion ADC and FA value can distinguish different grade gliomas. It is useful in deciding the surgical strategy and predicting the patient's prognosis.

Objective To investigate the occurrence of healthcare-associated infection(HAI)and catheter-related infection in a general intensive care unit(GICU),so as to strengthen the management.Methods Targeted monitor method was adopted,monitor scheme was established ,personal monitor contents and forms were designed,hospi-talized GICU patients were investigated prospectively between May 2012 and May 2013,and surveyed data were an-alyzed.Results A total of 868 patients were investigated,65 times (7.49%)of HAI occurred;infection rate per day was 21.49‰,adjust infection rate per day was 7.26‰.Infection rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia ,catheter-associated urinary tract infection ,and central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection per day was 23.91‰,3.46‰,and 6.12‰,respectively;the main infection site was respiratory tract (67.69%).Sixty-five isolates of pathogens were detec-ted,81.54%(n=53)of pathogens were gram-negative bacilli,and with multidrug resistance.Conclusion HAI rate is high in GICU ,the use of various types of catheters is an important factor for HAI in GICU patients.Targeted mo-nitoring on ICU is a scientific and effective method ,it can timely reflect the weak links of infection control practice and promote HAI control .

Objective To investigate the local-regional recurrence in thoracic esophageal cancer after radical surgery including two-field lymph node dissection and provide evidence for postoperative radiotherapy. Methods We reviewed local-regional recurrence for 134 cases with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after radical surgery from 2004 to 2009. Results In 134 cases, lymph node metastasis rate,anastomosis recurrence rate and tumor bed recurrence rate was 94. 0%, 9. 7% and 3.7%, respectively. As to the 126 cases with lymph node metastasis, significant difference was detected between mediastinal metastasis, supraclavicular metastasis and abdominal lymph node metastasis (80. 2%, 43.7% and 13.5%,respectively, χ2= 113. 15, P = 0. 000). Furthermore, the relative metastasis rate in upper mediastinum,middle mediastinum and the lower mediastinum was 73.8%, 39.7% and 1.6%, respectively, the difference was statistically significant ( χ2 = 139. 11, P = 0. 000 ). Significant difference was identified between right and left supraclavicular lymph node metastasis (31.7% vs 16. 7%, χ2= 7. 81, P = 0. 005 ).To confirm the analysis above,lymph node metastasis rate of left recurrent laryngeal nerve nodes, (including region 1L, 2L, 4L and 5) ,right recurrent laryngeal nerve nodes, azygos nodes, subcarinal nodes, and 2R region was 38.9%, 43.7%, 15.1%, 34.1% and 25.4%, respectively. Conclusions The main characteristics of local-regional recurrence may be lymph node metastasis for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after radical surgery. On the contrary, tumor bed recurrence is rare. Dangerous regions include supraclavicular nodes, recurrent laryngeal nerve nodes, azygos nodes as well as subcarinal nodes.

Objective To study the recovery mechanism of dysphagic patients after stroke using functional magnetic resonanee imaging(fMRI). Methods Thirteen patients with dysphagia caused by unilateral cortical or subcortical lesions were recruited into a dysphagia group,and eight age-matched healthy volunteers were recruited as controls.Both grouDs performed experimental volitional swallowing tasks during fMRI studies.All patients of the dys-phagia group received rehabilitation treatment targeting dysphagia.Of the 13 dysphagia patients,7 reached almost complete recovery and were identified as recovered in follow-up fMRI studies.A 3.0 T MR scanner and echo planar imaging(EPI)T_2 WI sequence were employed to obtain the fMRI data.SPM2 software was used for post-processing of the fMRI data and displaying activated brain maps.Lateral index(LI)was calculated as LI:(C-1)/(C+I).Paired t tests were used to compare activated brain volume before and after complete recovery. Results Consistent activation of the bilateral primary sensorimotor cortex,anterior cingulated gyrus and the bilateral insular cortex were observed in the control group. Activation of the pons,medulla,left cerebellum,left prefrontal area,right occipital area and the left insular cortex were observed in the dysphagia group.Activation was observed in the bilateral primary sensorimotor cortex.bilateral prefrontal area,bilateral superior temporal gyrus,left insular cortex,bilateral frontal o-pereulum and anterior cingulated gyrus in the recovered patients.The total activated volume before recovery in the ip-silesional hemisDhere was significantly less compared with the contralesional hemisphere in the dysphagia group.In the recovered patients,both the activated brain volume of the ipsilesional hemisphere and value of LI were significant-ly larger than those at the initial examination.Conclusions Decreased activation in the sensorimotor cortex,the in-sular lobe and the cingulate gyms might be causes.of dysphagia.Compensation by the contralesional hemisphere in the early stages and then the restoration of the ipsilesional hemisphere after recovery may be mechanisms of dysphagia recovery in stroke patients.

Objective To observe the efficacy and adverse reactions of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with or without chemotherapy in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma,and to explore the influencing factors for prognosis.Methods The short-term outcomes and acute adverse reactions in 349 patients with esophageal carcinoma who received IMRT with or without chemotherapy from 2006 to 2012 were retrospectively analyzed.The 1-,3-,and 5-year local control (LC) rates and overall survival (OS) rates were calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method.The influencing factors for survival were analyzed using the Cox regression model.Results The sample sizes at 3 and 5 years were 174 and 63,respectively.For all patients,the 1-,3-,and 5-year LC rates were 72.9％,61.2％,and 58.4％,respectively,and the 1-,3-,and 5-year OS rates were 66.5％,39.1％,and 24％,respectively.According to the results of subgroup analysis,the 1-,3-,and 5-year LC and OS rates in patients with a tumor volume of ＜ 54.73 cm3 were significantly higher than those in patients with a tumor size of ≥54.73 cm3 (P =0.001 and 0.000).There were no significant differences in 1-,3-,and 5-year LC rates between patients with and without lymph node metastasis (P =?).However,the 1-,3-,and 5-year OS rates were significantly lower in patients with lymph node metastasis than in patients without lymph node metastasis (62.7％ vs.83.1％;35.9％ vs.53.3％;20.4％ vs.38.3％;P =0.003).There were significant differences in the 1-,3-,and 5-year LC and OS rates between patients with complete response,partial response,and no response (P =0.000 and 0.000).The incidence rates of grade ≥ 2 acute radiation pneumonitis and grade ≥ 3 acute radiation esophagitis were 11.3％ and 9.0％,respectively.The tumor volume,short-term outcome,and lymph node metastasis were the influencing factors for OS (P =0.038,0.000,and 0.008).Conclusions IMRT with or without chemotherapy is effective and safe in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma.The prognosis becomes poor along with increased tumor volume and regional lymph node metastasis.The evaluation of short-term outcomes is closely correlated with LC and OS.

Through feedback from questionnaire,relevant problems are summed up,further understanding of the status of medical students' clinical practice is found.then some problems,such as low positivity of students,week didactical consciousness of teachers and inflexibility of practice system,are researched to table some proposals for reformation of clinical practice.