Heavy-ions have the similar characteristic of depth-dose distribution with protons, but exhibit enhanced physical and radiobiological benefits. With increasing development in technical and clinical research, more facilities are being installed in the world. At the same time, many critical techniques of heavy-ion therapy facility were optimized and completed. This paper classified and reviewed the basic structure of heavy-ion system equipments, especially the accelerator, gantry, nozzle , TPS.
Cancer Care Facilities ; Heavy Ion Radiotherapy ; instrumentation ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; therapy

Objective To investigate the relationship of vitamin D with the intestinal development and study the expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the duodenum of C57BL/6 mice at different developmental stages.Methods Quantitative PCR (qPCR),histology using H&E staining and immunofluorescence staining,and Western blotting (WB) were performed to elucidate the expression of VDR in mice intestine at different growth and developmental stages.Results The peak of VDR mRNA expression reached on 21 d.The pathological result showed that VDR mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells in the mouse duodenum.WB result indicated that there was no nuclear translocation of VDR protein in the mouse duodenum.Conclusions This study demonstrates the regularity of expression of VDR in the mouse duodenum during its development,and contributes to understanding the function of VDR in the intestines.

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effects of methamphetamine (MA) dependence and the repairment of DA neuronal function by SPECT corpus striatum DAT visual digital neural molecular imaging techniques.Methods 25 MA dependent patients (BPRS score ≥ 35) were treated by self-designed treatment program for more than 6 months.The clinical therapeutic effects were scored with reducing rate of BPRS.MA dependent patients were examined by SPECT corpus striatum DAT imaging before and after treatment,while healthy volunteers were examined only once.The SPECT corpus striatum DAT images were analyzed visually and quantitatively.Results The reducing rate of BPRS showed that the total effective rate was 80.0％.Visual analysis of SPECT corpus striatum DAT images showed that the distribution of DAT in the corpus striatum was regionally reduced or defected in various degrees before treatment,and was significantly increased after treatment.Quantitative analysis showed that the bilateral striatal V ((19.26 ± 2.85) cm3),m((20.22±2.99) g) and Ra(4.78±0.79) ％) of MA dependent patients were significantly lower compared with those of the healthy volunteers(respectively (35.39±4.42) cm3,(37.16±4.64) g and (7.93± 0.86) ％) (all P＜ 0.01) before treatment and were significantly improved (P＜ 0.01) after treatment (V:(22.80±4.28) cm3,m:(23.93± 4.49) g and Ra:(5.64 ± 0.99) ％) with a 76.0％ corpus striatum DAT improvement rate.However,the bilateral striatal V,m and Ra of MA dependent patients after treatment were still lower than those of the healthy volunteers (P＜0.01).There was no significant difference between the striatal DAT improvement rate and the BPRS reduction rate (P＞ 0.05).Conclusion SPECT corpus striatum DAT visual digital neural molecular imaging techniques are reliable in the evaluation of the treatment programs for MA dependence and the repair of DA neuronal function.

Objective The aim of this study was to observe the growth difference and expression of cytochrome C of skin hair follicles in neonatal mice .Methods The morphology of different skin hair follicles of neonatal mice ( postnatal day 1-9)were observed by HE staining histology and cytochrome C was detected by immunohistochemistry .Results The skin hair follicles in different parts of neonatal mice showed differences not only in morphology but also in developmental pe -riods.Hair follicle growth in the back and tail skin had a nonlinear and growing period .After the nonlinear and growing pe-riod they began to grow rapidly .The tail development was slightly slower than that on the back .The hair follicles of vibris-sae were very special , and started to develop without a stable period .Conclusions The results of morphological observa-tion and cytochrome C immunohistochemistry demonstrate that differences exist in the hair follicle morphology and develop -mental times in the skin of different parts of the body in neonatal mice .

Objective To study the urea rebound after hemodialysis in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients and its impact factors. Methods From 124 stable MHD patients, blood samples were collected at the beginning, immediate post-hemodialysis, 15 minutes and 30 minutes after hemodialysis. The urea rebound was quantified, and its effect on URR and spKt/V was investigated. The impact factors on urea rebound were analyzed. Results In this group of patients, average post-hemodialytic urea rebound was 13.6%, leading to over-estimation of URR and spKt/V of 0.04 and 0.14, respectively. Hemodialysis efficiency expressed as K/V determined urea rebound most significantly. Other impact factors included higher hemoglobin, higher relative ultrafiltration, arteriovenous access, and male patients. Conclusions Urea rebound is common after the hemodialysis. For specific patients and hemodialysis sessions, ignoring it would result in significant over-estimation of delivered hemodialysis dose.

Objective To study the effects of low power laser irradiation in nasal cavity on cerebral blood flow and cerebral function in patients with brain infarction. Methods Thirty-nine patients with cerebral infarction were divided into a intravenous laser irradiation group and a laser irradiation in nasal cavity group. For the group of intravenous irradiation (ILIB group,18 cases), the patients lay on the bed with their heads fixed and were treated with intravenous laser irradiation for 30 min. Both before and after the therapy they received a SPECT cerebral perfusion imaging separately. For the group of laser irradiation in nasal cavity (LINC group,21 cases), the patients received laser irradiation in nasal cavity for 30 min and also SPECT cerebral perfusion imaging tests both before and after therapy. BFCR% model was used to quantify the blood flow of the focal and mirror regions. Results SPECT showed that there was significant improvement in perfusion of the entire brain and cerebral function in both ILIB and LINC groups after 30 minutes of treatment,each compared to those before treatment; the changes in the focal rCBF and cerebral function were much more obvious (P0.05). BFCR% in focal region was significantly higher than that in mirror region (P0.05). Conclusion Low power laser irradiation in nasal cavity can improve the focal rCBF and cerebral function of the patients with brain infarction, which is similar to that of the ILIB.

BACKGROUND: In the patients with congenital scoliosis, the spinal motor units exhibit developmental disorders and poor range of motion. It has been found that the compensation ability of coronal lumbosacral region (L4-S1) is associated with the occurrence of non-compensable trunk migration postoperatively.OBJECTIVE: To establish the three-dimensional finite element models of coronal lumbosacral region of normal and patients with congenital scoliosis and to compare the strain, displacement, stress and stiffness under different loading conditions among models.METHODS: One normal subject and two congenital scoliosis patients with different coronal lumbosacral region flexibility were selected, DICOM image datawere obtained by spiral CT scanning at the lumbosacral region, and then imported into MIMICS software, and a three-dimensional model was established according to the gray values of each tissue on CT,followed by simplified by GEOMAGIC, and finally imported into ABAQUS foftware to conduct a mechanic analysis under different loading conditions.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Under different lateral forces, in the three models, the maximum stress mainly distributed on the frontal region of L4 cortical bone, and maximum displacement concentrated on L5. (2) There was no significant change in the stress distribution in the two scoliosis models, but the compensable model showed larger displacement change, and its stiffness was significantly less than that of the non-compensable model, indicating that the compensable model is easy to deform. (3) These findings suggest that three-dimensional finite element model is helpful to perform a biomechanical analysis for coronal lumbosacral region of congenital scoliosis, among which, a compensable model exhibits large displacement, suggesting a good flexibility.

Objective To study the effects of carvedilol on the stability of plasma catecholamine in patients with post-acute myocardial infarction during consecutive periods. Methods Thirty-slx patients selected with acute myocardial infarction were randomized to experimental group treated with the nonselective beta-blocker earvedilol( n=18) and control group treated with the selective beta-blocker metoprolol(=18) for 12-months follow-up. In the two groups,the concentrations of plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine were measured before the treatment and after 2 months,4 months,6 months,8 mouths,10 months and 12 months and new cardiac events were supervised. Results After the treatment, in each point of periods, experimental group showed lower concentrations of plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine statistically than control group(P<0.05) ,and a stable dynamic change during 12 months of treat-ment( P>0.05 ) ;the occurrence rate of new cardiac events was lower significantly in experimental group than in con-trol group(P<0.05). Conclusion Carvedilol can decrease the spillover of sympathetic nerve, control more stably cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and then decrease more sharply the occurrence rate of new cardiac events in pa-tients with acute myocardial infarction than metoprolol.

BACKGROUND: Inherent modal analysis and harmonic response analysis on the human normal lumbosacral vertebraehave been reported, but there is a lack of comparative research on their modal analysis results before and after pediclescrew fixation.OBJECTIVE: To explore the dynamic characteristics of human lumbosacral vertebrae using three-dimensional finiteelement method.METHODS: Finite element model of lumbosacral vertebrae (L1-S1) before and after pedicle screw fixation was developedand validated based on CT images, and the modal analysis and harmonic response analysis were then conducted.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Representative nodes were selected at the spinous process segments of L1, L3 andL5, and numbered as A, B, and C, respectively. (2) The maximum displacement of each node in Y and Z directions oflumbosacral vertebral model after internal fixation was significantly decreased compared with those of the normallumbosacral vertebral model, suggesting that screw fixation system plays a protective role in lumbosacral vertebrae, andreduces its amplitude under external load, thus diminishing its sensitivity to external load. (3) The lumbosacral vertebralmodal analysis can provide basis for further study on dynamic analysis, and the parameters such as natural frequency,modal shape and vibration amplitude of the lumbar spine have been determined.

Objective To investigate the application value of identification of the scalp surface locations of cerebral ischemia lesions before direct revascularization for moyamoya disease and to design surgical approaches according to this by using the fusion of single photon emission computed tomography ( SPECT) cerebral perfusion imaging with CT imaging. Methods The clinical data of 13 adult patients with ischemic-type moyamoya disease underwent superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass surgery were analyzed retrospectively. SPECT cerebral perfusion imaging was fused with CT imaging of the same machine before procedure. The lesions of ischemia were located on the cortical surface. The surgical approaches were designed at the center of the ischemic lesions. The patients were followed up for 6 to 12 months after procedure. The improvement of clinical symptoms and cerebral perfusion of the patients were observed after operation. Results One patient had perioperative cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome,and the others did not have any perioperative complications. At one-month follow-up, the improvement of symptoms in 4 patients were excellent,in 5 were good,in 4 were fair,and none was poor. At 6 to 12 month follow-up,the improvement of symptoms in 9 patients were excellent,in 4 were good,and none was poor. The postoperative visual SPECT cerebral perfusion imaging analysis suggested that the cerebral perfusion was improved significantly as compared with before procedure in all patients. Quantitative analysis:There was significant difference in target ischemic lesions between preoperative Fb and postoperative Fb ([2. 13±1. 06]% vs. [4. 13±2. 09]%;P<0. 05). There was significant difference between preoperative Fb and Fe ([2. 46±1. 97]% vs. [2. 13±1. 06]%;P<0. 05). The postoperative BFCR was [67. 57±3. 78]%( >50%) , which indicated that the efficacy of the procedure was remarkable. The superficial temporal arteries fed to brain of the patients were observed after procedure by using the head CT angiography. The postoperative head MRI reexamination showed no new infarcts occurred at 6 months. Conclusion Combine SPECT cerebral perfusion imaging with CT imaging to design surgical approach for superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass surgery may improve the efficacy and reduce the risks of operation.