Objective To evaluate the relationship between the mechanism underlying docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-induced regulation of angiopoietin expression and Src-suppressed C kinase substrate (SSeCKS) in human brain vascular pericytes (HBVPs) subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and restoration (OGD/R).Methods HBVPs were seeded in 96-well or in 6-well plates at a density of 2× 105 cells/ml and divided into 5 groups (n =18 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),OGD/R group,DHA group (group D),SSeCKS gene silencing group (group S) and SSeCKS gene silencing plus DHA group (group SD).The model of OGD/R injury was established as follows:the cells were subjected to O2-glucose deprivation for 24 h in glucose-and serum-free culture medium aerated with 94％ N2-5％ CO2-1％ O2 followed by restoration of O2-glucose supply for 6 h in high-glucose DMEM culture medium in normal atmosphere.DHA was added at 1 h before hypoxia with the final concentration of 40 μmol/L in group D.Small interfering RNA induced SSeCKS gene silencing in S and SD groups.Subsequently,DHA with the final concentration of 40 μmol/L was added at 1 h before hypoxia in group SD.At 6 h of reoxygenation,the cell survival rate was determined by CCK-8 assay,the amount of LDH released was detected using ELISA,and the expression of SSeCKS,angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and Ang-2 was detected by Western blot.Results Compared with group C,the cell survival rate was significantly decreased,the amount of LDH released was increased,the expression of SSeCKS and Ang-1 was down-regulated,the expression of Ang-2 was up-regulated,and Ang-1/Ang-2 ratio was decreased in group OGD/R,and the expression of SSeCKS was down-regulated in group S (P＜0.05).Compared with group OGD/R,the cell survival rate was significantly increased,the amount of LDH released was decreased,the expression of SSeCKS and Ang-1 was up-regulated,the expression of Ang-2 was down-regulated,and Ang-1/Ang-2 ratio was increased in group D (P＜O.05),and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group SD (P＞0.05).Compared with group D,the cell survival rate was significantly decreased,the amount of LDH released was increased,the expression of SSeCKS and Ang-1 was down-regulated,the expression of Ang-2 was up-regulated,and Ang-1/Ang-2 ratio was decreased in group SD (P＜0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which DHA increases the ratio of Ang-1/Ang-2 may be totally related to up-regulation of SSeCKS expression in HBVPs subjected to OGD/R.

OBJECTIVE To collect the document about drug sensitivity in mycoplasma-infected cases in Beijing area and to instruct drug-selecting in clinic treatment. METHODS Drug sensitivity test on 263 Mycoplasma-positive non-gonococcal urethritis(NGU)(mucopurulent cervicitis,MPC)cases was conducted. RESULTS Tetracyclines and minocycline performed the highest sensitivity(94.68%),followed by josamycin(94.30%) and doxycycline(91.63%).Lomefloxacin had the lowest sensitivity(15.59%). CONCLUSIONS Tetracyclines and macrolides can be employed as the first-choice drugs in NGU(MPC)treatment.

Objective:To evaluate the role of nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1/brain and muscle Arnt-like 1(Rev-erbα/Bmal1) signaling pathway in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in diabetic rats and its relationship with autophagy.Methods:SPF-grade adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 200-220 g, were used in this study.Type I diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal streptozotocin 60 mg/kg.The rats were continuously fed for 8 weeks after successful establishment of the model.Thirty rats with type 1 diabetes mellitus were divided into 3 groups by a random number table method: diabetic sham operation group (DS group, n=6), diabetic myocardial I/R group (DI/R group, n=12) and diabetic myocardial I/R plus Rev-erbα antagonist SR-8278 group (DI/R+ SR group, n=12). Eighteen non-diabetic rats were divided into 2 groups by a random number table method: non-diabetic sham operation group (NS group, n=6) and non-diabetic myocardial I/R group (NI/R group, n=12). The myocardial I/R model was established by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min followed by 120-min reperfusion in anesthetized rats.SR-8278 2 mg/kg was intravenously injected via the femoral vein at 1 h before ischemia in group DI/R+ SR.Blood samples were collected from the carotid artery immediately after the end of reperfusion for determination of serum troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Then the rats were sacrificed, and myocardial tissues were obtained for determination of myocardial infarct size (by TTC method), expression of Rev-erbα and Bmal1 mRNA (by real-time polymerase chain reaction) and expression of Rev-erbα, Bmal1, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain (LC3) Ⅱ and LC3Ⅰ (by Western blot) and for calculation of the ratio of LC3 Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰand the number of autophagosomes (with a transmission electron microscope). Results:Compared with group NS, the percentage of myocardial infarct size, serum levels of cTnI, CK-MB and LDH and the number of autophagosomes were significantly increased, the expression of Rev-erbα and its mRNA in myocardial tissues was up-regulated, the expression of Bmall and its mRNA was down-regulated, and the ratio of LC3 Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰwas increased in group NI/R, and serum levels of cTnI, CK-MB and LDH were increased, the number of autophagosomes was decreased, the expression of Rev-erbα and its mRNA in myocardial tissues was up-regulated, the expression of Bmall and its mRNA was down-regulated and the ratio of LC3 Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰwas decreased in group DS ( P<0.05). Compared with group NI/R, the percentage of myocardial infarct size and serum levels of cTnI, CK-MB and LDH were significantly increased, the number of autophagosomes was decreased, the expression of Rev-erbα and its mRNA in myocardial tissues was up-regulated, the expression of Bmall and its mRNA was down-regulated, and the ratio of LC3 Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰwas decreased in group DI/R ( P<0.05). Compared with group DS, the percentage of myocardial infarct size, serum levels of cTnI, CK-MB and LDH and the number of autophagosomes were were significantly increased, the expression of Rev-erbα and its mRNA in myocardial tissues was up-regulated, the expression of Bmall and its mRNA was down-regulated, and the ratio of LC3 Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰwas increased in group DI/R ( P<0.05). Compared with group DI/R, the percentage of myocardial infarct size, serum levels of cTnI, CK-MB and LDH and the number of autophagosomes were significantly decreased, the expression of Rev-erbα and its mRNA in myocardial tissues was down-regulated, the expression of Bmall and its mRNA was up-regulated, and the ratio of LC3 Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰwas increased in group DI/R+ SR ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Rev-erbα/BMAL1 signaling pathway is involved in the process of myocardial I/R injury by regulating cell autophagy in diabetic rats.

Objectives To observe the clinical significance and application value of autologous blood transfusion in neurosurgery of primary hospital. Methods Four hundred and fourteen patients who underwent the neurosurgery operation and were subjected to intraoperative blood transfusion were selected, among whom 97 patients were subjected to autologous blood transfusion (observation group), and 317 patients were subjected to heterogenous blood transfusion (control group). The condition of intraoperative blood transfusion, changes of hemoglobin and hematocrit, blood transfusion related cost were compared between 2 groups. Results There were no statistical differences in operation time, infusion volume, rate of transfusion related complications and postoperation hemoglobin, hematocrit between observation group and control group (P>0.05). The patients in control group were infused with 189 000 ml, and the transfusion liquid volume proportion of total blood transfusion was 79.22%(189 000/238 580);13 patients in observation group were used the heterogenous blood transfusion with 5 400 ml, and the transfusion liquid volume proportion of total blood transfusion was 10.30%(5 400/52 430). Eighty-six patients (88.66%, 86/97) in observation group performed autologous blood collection and transfusion, the volume of autologous collection was 80 650 ml, and the volume of transfusion was 47 020 ml. Eleven patients in observation group did not perform autologous blood transfusion, among whom 6 patients was because of operational and mechanical reasons, and 5 patients performed collection but did not transfuse. The cost of heterogenous concentrated suspension red blood cell over 6 U was significantly higher than the cost of disposable material and injection of autologous blood:(2 287.06 ± 243.52) yuan vs. (1 595.08 ± 133.95) yuan, and there was statistical difference (P<0.05). The rate of heterogenous concentrated suspension red blood cell 6 U in control group was 14.83%(47/317), and the rate of over 6 U was 6.62%(21/317). Conclusions The autologous blood transfusion is safe and effective, and it is worth popularizing in neurosurgery of primary hospital. But in the process of its application, it is necessary to strengthen the user′s operating skills and ensure the quality of autologous blood transfusion.

Objective To evaluate the effects of N-acetycysteine on the expression of caveolin-3 (Cav-3) during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in diabetic rats.Methods Twenty-four pathogenfree healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 230-270 g,were divided into 3 groups (n =8 each) using a random number table:myocardial I/R group (group I/R),diabetes mellitus plus myocardial I/R group (group D) and N-acetycysteine group (group NAC).Diabetes mellitus was induced by injection of streptozotocin 60 mg/kg via the tail vein and confirmed by blood glucose ≥ 16.7 mmol/L 3 days later.At 1 week after successful establishment of the model,N-acetycysteine 1.5 g · kg-1 · d-1 was injected through a gastric tube into stomach for 4 consecutive weeks in group NAC,and the equal volume of normal saline was given for 4 consecutive weeks in I/R and D groups.Myocardial I/R was then induced by 30 min ligation of the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery followed by 2 h of reperfusion.At the end of reperfusion,the myocardial infarct size was determined by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining,the levels of serum creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and 15-F2t-Isoprostane were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,and the expression of myocardial Cav-3,Akt,phosphor-Akt (p-Akt),endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and phosphor-eNOS (p-eNOS) was detected by Western blot.Results Compared with group I/R,the myocardial infarct size and levels of serum CK-MB and 15-F2t-Isoprostane were significantly increased,and the myocardial Cav-3,p-Akt and p-eNOS expression and NO level were decreased in group D (P＜0.05).Compared with group D,the myocardial infarct size and levels of serum CK-MB and 15-F2t-Isoprostane were significantly decreased,and the myocardial Car-3,p-Akt and p-eNOS expression and NO level were increased in group NAC (P＜0.05).Conclusion N-acetycystein can activate Akt/eNOS/NO signaling pathway through up-regulating myocardial Cav-3 expression,thus reducing myocardial I/R injury in diabetic rats.

Objective To evaluate the role of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) in diabetes mellitus-induced reduction of hypoxic postconditioning (HPO)-induced protection of cardiomyocytes and the relationship with glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.Methods H9c2 cells incubated in high-glucose (30 mmol/L) medium for 24 h were divided into 6 groups (n =5 each) using a random number table:normoxia group (group N),hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) group,group HPO,PTEN gene silencing normoxia group (group P-N),PTEN gene silencing H/R group (group P-H/R),and PTEN gene silencing HPO group (group P-HPO).H9c2 cells were exposed to 95％ N2-5％ CO2 for 4 h followed by 2 h reoxygenation with 90％ O2-10％ CO2.HPO was induced by 3 cycles of 5 min reoxygenation followed by 5 min hypoxia before reoxygenation.At the end of reoxygenation,the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the supernatant was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,the changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP were assessed by JC-1 fluorescence assay,the cell apoptosis was detected by AnnexinV-FITC/PI flow cytometry,and the expression of PTEN and phosphorylated GSK-3β (p-GSK-3β) was determined by Western blot.The JC-1 monomer/polymer ratio and apoptosis rate were calculated.Results Compared with group N,the amount of LDH released,JC-1 monomer/polymer ratio and apoptosis rate were significantly increased,and the expression of PTEN was up-regulated in H/R and HPO groups (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in the parameters mentioned above between group H/R and group HPO (P＞0.05).Compared with group HPO,the amount of LDH released,JC-1 monomer/polymer ratio and apoptosis rate were significantly decreased,PTEN expression was down-regulated,and the expression of p-GSK-3β was up-regulated in group P-HPO (P＜0.05).Compared with group N,the expression of PTEN was significantly down-regulated,and no significant changes were found in the other parameters mentioned above in group P-N (P＞0.05).Compared with group H/R,the expression of PTEN was significantly down-regulated,and no significant changes were found in the other parameters mentioned above in group P-H/R (P＞0.05).Conclusion PTEN is involved in diabetes mellitus-induced reduction of HPO-induced protection of cardiomyocytes,and the mechanism is associated with PTEN-induced activation of GSK-3β-modulated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.

Objective: To evaluate the role of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) in renal injury induced by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in diabetic rats. Methods: SPF healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 210-220 g, were used in this study.Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 1% streptozotocin 60 mg/kg.Eighteen diabetic rats were divided into 3 groups (n=6 each) using a random number table method: sham operation group (group S), group I/R and HDAC3 inhibitor RGFP966 group (RG). The myocardial I/R model was established by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min followed by 120-min reperfusion.RGFP966 10 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected at 1 h before myocardial ischemia in group RG.The right internal carotid artery was isolated at 120 min of reperfusion for measurement of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), creatinine (Cr) and urea nitrogen concentrations.Renal tissues were obtained for examination of the pathological changes and for determination of the expression of HDAC3, silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). The damage to the renal tubules was scored. Results: Compared with S group, the serum LDH, CK-MB, Cr and urea nitrogen concentrations and renal tubular damage score were significantly increased, the expression of HDAC3 and IL-1β was up-regulated, and the expression of SIRT1 was down-regulated in group I/R (P<0.05). Compared with group I/R, the serum LDH, CK-MB, Cr and urea nitrogen concentrations and renal tubular damage score were significantly decreased, the expression of HDAC3 and IL-1β was down-regulated, and the expression of SIRT1 was up-regulated in group RG (P<0.05). Conclusion Up-regulated expression of HDAC3 is involved in renal injury induced by myocardial I/R in diabetic rats.

PURPOSE: Hyperglycemia increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the resulting oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is one of the major sources of ROS production in diabetes. We, therefore, examined the possibility that NADPH oxidase activation is increased in various tissues, and that the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) may have tissue specific effects on NADPH oxidase and tissue antioxidant status in diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Control (C) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic (D) rats were treated either with NAC (1.5 g/kg/day) orally or placebo for 4 weeks. The plasma, heart, lung, liver, kidney were harvested immediately and stored for biochemical or immunoblot analysis. RESULTS: levels of free 15-F2t-isoprostane were increased in plasma, heart, lung, liver and kidney tissues in diabetic rats, accompanied with significantly increased membrane translocation of the NADPH oxidase subunit p67phox in all tissues and increased expression of the membrane-bound subunit p22phox in heart, lung and kidney. The tissue antioxidant activity in lung, liver and kidney was decreased in diabetic rats, while it was increased in heart tissue. NAC reduced the expression of p22phox and p67phox, suppressed p67phox membrane translocation, and reduced free 15-F(2t)-isoprostane levels in all tissues. NAC increased antioxidant activity in liver and lung, but did not significantly affect antioxidant activity in heart and kidney. CONCLUSION: The current study shows that NAC inhibits NADPH oxidase activation in diabetes and attenuates tissue oxidative damage in all organs, even though its effects on antioxidant activity are tissue specific.
Acetylcysteine/*therapeutic use ; Animals ; Antioxidants/*metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/*drug therapy/*metabolism ; Heart/drug effects ; Kidney/drug effects/metabolism ; Liver/drug effects/metabolism ; Lung/drug effects/metabolism ; Male ; NADPH Oxidase/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Objective To assess the clinical value of endoscopic uhrasonography(EUS)combined with the mini-probe endoscopic uhrasonography(MPUS)in determing tumor invasion depth and lymph node metastases of early superficial esophageal cancer.Methods One hundred and twenty-four superficial esophageal cancer lesions of 121 patients were staged by EUS combined with MPUS,and the results were finally compared with pathological findings of surgical specimens or samples obtained by mucosal resection.Results The diagnostic accuracy of EUS in T staging of superficial esophageal cancer was 82.3%(102/124).The total ratio of lymph node metastases was 5.0%(6/121),with no node metastases in carcinoma in situ,1.3%(1/28)in mucosal carcinoma,11.6%(5/43)in submucosal carcinoma.Conclusion EUS combined with MPUS is accurate in staging of the superficial carcinoma,which can help the choice of therapeutic strategies.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between the mechanism of silent information regulator factor 2-related enzyme 1 (SIRT1)-mediated mitophagy in the myocardium and mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) in diabetic rats.Methods Twenty-four SPF healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 210-220 g,were allocated into 3 groups (n =8 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),diabetes mellitus group (group DM) and diabetes mellitus plus SIRT1 activator SRT1720 group (group DM+SRT).Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal 1％ streptozotocin 60 mg/kg and confirmed by blood glucose ≥ 16.7 mmol/L 3 days later.SRT1720 1 mg/kg was injected via the caudal vein for 7 consecutive days in group DM+SRT.The ultrasonic method was used to measure the parameters of heart function including left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV),left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV),left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF),heart rate (HR),E wave velocity (E),A wave velocity (A) and E/A ratio.Myocardial specimens were obtained for determination of the interaction between SIRT1 and Mfn2 and acetylation of Mfn2 (by co-immuno-precipitation) and expression of SIRT1,Mfn2,microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 Ⅱ (LC3 Ⅱ),LC3 Ⅰ,Beclin1 and P62 (by Western blot).The ratio LC3 Ⅱ to LC3 Ⅰ (LC3 Ⅱ / Ⅰ ratio) was calculated.Results Compared with group C,LVEDV,LVEF,HR,E and E/A ratio were significantly decreased,A was increased,LC3 Ⅱ / Ⅰ ratio was decreased,the expression of Beclin1,SIRT1 and Mfn2 was down-regulated,the expression of P62 was up-regulated,and the interaction between SIRT1 and Mfn2 was decreased in group DM (P＜0.05).Compared with group DM,LVEDV,LVEF,E and E/A ratio were significantly increased,A was decreased,LC3 Ⅱ / Ⅰ ratio was increased,the expression of Beclin1 and SIRT1 was up-regulated,the expression of P62 was down-regulated,the interaction between SIRT1 and Mfn2 was increased,and the acetylation of Mfn2 was decreased in group DM+SRT (P＜0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which SIRT1 mediates mitophagy in the myocardium is related to SIRT1-induced deacetylation of Mfn2 in diabetic rats.