Objective To learn the overall results of the final test paper in nursing undergraduates of Peking Union Medical College, and to provide the theoretical support for teaching quality assessment of nursing undergraduates.Methods The difficulty coefficient, the discrimination index, the reliability (Cronbach α coefficient) and the degree of coverage were analyzed based on education measurement and education statistical methods.Results The mean total score was 67.8±12.5, ranged from 38 to 95.The difficulty coefficient, the discrimination index and the Cronbach α coefficient were 0.68, 0.30 and 0.71 respectively.The rates of loss score were 33.8% for choice questions, 37.2% for completion questions, 22.5%for true or false questions and 24.8% for calculation questions respectively.Among the total 30 examination questions, the proportions of the most difficult ones, the difficult ones, the moderate ones, the easy ones and the easiest ones were 30.0%,13.3%,20.0%,20.0% and 16.7% respectively.28 examination questions (93.3%) had the best or better discrimination.Conclusions The test paper held the moderate difficulty and the good discrimination, reliability and the degree of coverage.The results of the examination accurately reflect the knowledge and ability of the students.In addition, more attention should be paidto improve the knowledge of nursing undergraduates on the importance of the medical statistics in medical scientific research.

AIM: The study is designed to probe for the relationship between waist to hip ratio(WHR)and static lung volumes of adults. METHODS: In July-October 2008, 1 307 healthy adults(372 males and 935 females)were selected in Heilongjiang province by means of questionnaire and physical examination. The height, weight, WHR, fat mass, percentage body fat and lung function were measured, and then grouped according to the standard of classification of WHR(central obesity male WHR ≥ 0.86, female ≥ 0.82)for analysis of the relationship between WHR and static lung volume. RESULTS: WHR was found, regardless of sex, to tend to go up with the increase in age and BMI(P<0.01), and both the fat mass and percentage body fat of the central obesity group were higher than those in the group with normal WHR(P<0.01). An independent negative correlation was found(P<0.05), also regardless of sex, between the WHR with expiratory reserve volume(ERV)in all these adults. ERV in central obesity group was lower than that in the group with normal WHR(P<0.05). Compared to the normal group, ERV in the central obesity group decreased by 11% for males and 8% for females(P<0.05). However, with regard to the relationship between WHR and VT, IC, MV, and VC, gender differences were found. For the males, a significant independent positive correlation was observed between WHR and IC(P<0.05), with IC of the central obesity group 6% higher than that in the group with normal WHR(P<0.05). For the females, significant independent positive correlation was found between WHR and MV(P<0.05), with the VT and MV of the central obesity group 7% and 6% higher(P<0.05), respectively, than that in the group with normal WHR. CONCLUSION: WHR is in an independent negative correlation with ERV. The elevation of WHR may play a role in the impairment of respiratory function. Its occurrence is accompanied by a rise of IC for the male and a rise of MV for the female. These changes in the two genders could be associated with the decrease in arterial oxygen tension caused by the decrease of ERV.

BACKGROUND:Researches about sub-health status in general community population are rare,especially in minor nationalities.OBJECTIVE:To explore the sub-health status and its risk factors with logistic regression model and negative binomial regression model in Tibetan people.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:A cross-sectional study was performed among subjects selected from Songpan county in the Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province on September 2007.PARTICIPANTS:A total of 1791 Tibetan subjects from were recruited from Songpan county in the Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province and were involved in this study,among which 1763 subjects completed the sub-health questionnaire.Their average age was 27 years,ranging from 10 to 80.There were 731 male subjects (41.5%)and 1032 female ones (58.5%).All subjects were informed of the survey regimen.METHODS:The sub-health rating scale framed by Chen Qingshan et al was used to assess the sub-health status of subjects with stratified and cluster sampling,including the prevalence rate of sub-health status,the number of sub-health symptoms and various dimensional prevalence.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Risk factors of sub-health status with logistic regression model and negative binomial regression model.RESULTS:There were 1038 subjects suffering from one or more sub-health symptoms,and they were considered as being in the sub-health status with the prevalence of sub-health 58.9%.The split-half reliability and internal consistency of the scale were separately 0.7658 and 0.8154.Logistic regression results indicated that the seniors (P=0.0004),female (P＜0.0001),marriage status (P=0.0008),mental labor (P=0.0021)and smoking (P＜0.0001)were main contributing factors of sub-health status.However,marriage status (P=0.0689)and occupation (P=0.1398)weren't statistically significant in negative binomial regression analyses.CONCLUSION:Tibetan populations living in high altitude are also suffering from sub-health status and should be given more attention.Further more negative binomial regression model could be popularized to analyze sub-health and its influencing factors.

Objective To study the reliability and validity of US School Social Behavior Scale at middle and primary school students in China. Methods Under the guidance of the psychologists,teachers of the primary and middle schools fill on the School Social Behavior Scale and to evaluate the social adaptability of their students. Totally 7516 subjects are interviewed. Results The Scale has pretty split-half reliability and internal consistency because all the split-half reliability coefficient and Cronbach’s ? coefficient of six dimensions and two subscales are above 0.9. Two common factors resulted by factor analysis can explain 93.60% of the total variance. The social adaptability of female,high-grade and good study achievement’s students is better than others. Therefore,the construct validity and discriminant validity are satisfactory. Conclusion The School Social Behavior Scale is applicable for social adaptability research of primary and middle school students in China.

Objective To establish lung function reference values and prediction equations in children and adolescents of the Han nationality in Heilongjiang province.Methods A survey in 588 healthy children and adolescents (292 males,296 females)aged 10 to 18 years old was carried out in Heilongjiang province in 2008.Eight flowvolume tests parameters were measured.Stepwise multiple regression was carried out to establish prediction equations for the parameters mentioned above.Results FVC and FEV1,were found,regardless of sex,to tend to go up with the increase of age(P ＜0.001).Beginning from the age of 14,male FVC and FEV1 became significantly higher than those of the female(P ＜0.001),the period of a fast increase of the male FVC and FEV1 taking place during the age of 13～14,while that of the female taking place in the age of 12 ～ 13,one age bracket earlier than the male.All lung volumes and flow rates,were found,regardless of sex,to tend to go up with the increase of age,height and weight(P ＜ 0.001).The regression equations of lung function were established.By comparison with the equations derived from our study and other authors' reports,it was found that the difference between measured data and predicted values from other authors was higher than those from our8.Conclusion Reference values and prediction equations for forced expiratory lung function applicable for children and adolescents of the Han nationality in Heilongiiang province were established.

BACKGROUND:High pulse pressure is the signal of arteriosclerosis or cardiovascular diseases for both hypertension and normal blood pressure population.OBJECTIVE:The pulse pressure and related factors of healthy adults in Sichuan province were analyzed to explore the method for preventing excessive pulse pressure and improving the quailty of life.METHODS:Hierarchical,cluster sampling were performed in 1989 healthy adults.The physical examination,blood glucose,renal function and blood fat were detected,and the relation of pulse pressure and its related factors were analyzed.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Pulse pressure increased following the age.especially showed a linear increasing in those who more than 50-year-old The increased pulse pressure leaded to larger fasting plasma glucose,uric acid,blood urea nitrogen,total cholesterol,triacylglycerol,systolic pressure and diastolic pressure,in addition,the age,body mass index,waist-to-hip ratio,triacylglycerol and pulse pressure showed a linear relationship.But physical exercise was negative correlated to pulse pressure.With pulse pressure increasing,the renal function and regulating capacity of blood glucose was decreased The results suggested that mid-aged population should take reasonable diet and more physical exercise to prevent central obesity and excessive pulse pressure,reduce the risk of renal dysfunction and the incidence of cardiovascular disease.

Objective To analyze the serum calcium , phosphate and alkaline phosphatase level among apparently healthy school children and adolescents in Heilongjiang Province and establish the reference intervals in different gender and different age groups .Methods Random sample of 2 101 primary and secondary school students from 9 to 18-year-old was collected from different district of Heilongjiang Province including Harbin and Mudanjiang from July 2008 to June 2009 .The fasting venous blood was collected and serum calcium , phosphate and alkaline phos-phatase concentration was measured as soon as possible .After screening outlier individual , a total of 2 091 subjects were enrolled.The reference intervals of serum calcium , phosphate and alkaline phosphatase for healthy school children and adolescents were established by gender and age ( P2.5 to P97.5 ) .Results The change tendency of serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase with age and sex were presented .All these parameters had shown inverse relationship with age and were significantly higher in boys than girls (P<0.001).Serum calcium, phosphate of both sexes and serum alkaline phosphatase of girls declined progressively with age .However , the highest alkaline phosphatase level was seen at 13 years in boys.Alkaline phosphatase showed a positive correlation with age before 13 years of age , but after that alkaline phosphatase started to decline .Conclusions Reference in-tervals of serum calcium , phosphate and alkaline phosphatase for healthy school children and adolescents in Hei -longjiang Province in the age group of 9-18 years were presented , which supply good reference value for clinicians especially pediatricians to interpret the results of school children and adolescents and make decision .

Objective To analyze the distribution features of systemic vascular resistance(SVR)disorder in healthy subjects at Guangxi province.Methods SVR and systolic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP),mean arterial pressure(MAP),pulse pressure(PP),cardiac output(CO),cardiac index(CI),stroke volume(SV),stroke index(SI),left ventricular ejection time(LVET),left cardiac work(LCW) and cardiovascular function were measured with Bioz.com Cardio Dynamics.Results The incidence of SVR disorder in youngster and elder was higher than other subjects.The prevalence of SVR disorders was more among females than among males(P

ObjectiveTo analyze the serum creatinine level among apparently healthy primary and secondary school students in Inner Mongolia and explore the distribution of serum creatinine by ethnic,regional,gender and age,and establish the reference interval of serum creatinine in different gender and different age groups of primary and secondary school students.MethodsLargesample clinical epidemiological investigation was applied by two-stage clustering sampling method.Random sample of 2630 primary and secondary school students from 9 to 18-year-old was selected from four district in Inner Mongolia including Hohhot,Wulanchabu,Xilin Gol and Bayan Drow from July 2009 to June 2010.After screening outlier individual,the total of 2614 subjects were enrolled,involving 1288 male and 1326 female subjects,1584 Han and1030 Mongolian.The venous blood was collected and serum was separated.The serum creatinine concentration was measured as soon as possible.Furthermore, creatinine levels of different regions,ethnic,gender and age group were compared by analysis of variance or t-test and that of different group were compared by SNK method.Percentile was used to describe the distribution of serum Cr level of different age groups.The reference interval of serum Cr for primary and secondary school students were established by gender and age (P2.5 -P97.5 ).The curve was smoothed using age-specific percentile ( LMS )curve smoothing method.ResultsThe differences of Cr levels were statistically significant between different regions,ethnic,gender and age groups.The reference intervals of creatinine for 9 - 11,12,13 - 14,15,and 16 - 18 year-old males were 35 - 66,37 - 73,39 - 78,47 - 87 and 49 - 91 μmol/L,respectively.The intervals for 9 - 10,11 - 12,13 - 15,and 16 - 18 year-old females were 32 - 60,34 - 63,38 -73 and 40 -74 μmol/L,respectively.Conclusion The reference intervals of serum creatinine for health primary and secondary school students in the Inner Mongolia is established,which is useful for clinicians,especially pediatricians to judge and assess renal function for 9 to 18 year-old patients.( Chin J Lab Med,2012,35:805-809 )

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of insulin enteric-coated soft capsules in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods Totally 260 patients were enrolled in this multi-center,randomized, open, parallel-controlled clinical trial. Patients were orally administered with the capsule (capsule group, n = 135) or subcutaneously injected with insulin (control group, n = 125)one hour before the breakfast and supper time for 12 weeks. Results In the capsule group, the glyeosylated hemoglobin A1 c (HbA1 c)and fasting/postprandial blood glucoses were significantly decreased. In terms of the proportions of subjects achieving HbA1c goals using American Diabetes Association standard (HbA1c ≤7.0%)and International Diabetes Federation standard (HbA1c≤6.5%), they were 38.9% and 21.4% in capsule group and were 45.1% and 30. 2% in control group (P = 0. 323; P = 0. 109). The incidences of adverse reactions were not significantly different between these two groups (P = 0. 618). The satisfaction score was significantly higher in capsule group than in control group (P = 0. 000). Conclusion The insulin enteric-coated soft capsule has similar effectiveness and safety with insulin injections, and meanwhile is more popular among subjects.