Recently,the detection of circulating tumor cells(CTCs)in peripheral blood is used in clinical practice as a form of‘ liquid biopsy’. The self-seeding mechanism of CTCs provides a novel approach to explore the growing mechanism of malignant tumor and developing corresponding targeting therapies. A decade ago,the CellSearch system, which can capture and enumerate CTCs,has been validated by Food and Drug Administration( FDA)as an aid for monitoring the relapse of tumor after radical operation in patients with breast,prostate and colorectal cancer. In recent years,although the separation and detection technique of CTCs has been promoted significantly,the clinical significance of CTCs in tumors of digestive system is still under investigation. This article reviewed the research progress of peripheral blood CTCs in digestive system tumors.

Objective: To summarize the recent research progress in the influence of quercetin on drug metabolizing enzymes. Methods:By referring to the relevant literatures at home and abroad in recent years, the paper summarized, analyzed and concluded the the influence of quercetin on drug metabolizing enzymes. Results: Quercetin could modulate the phase Ⅰmetabolic enzyme cyto-chrome P450 ( CYP) and the phase Ⅱ metabolic enzymes uridine diphosphate - glucuronosyltransferase enzyme ( UGTs) , sulfotrans-ferase ( SULTs) and glutathione S-transferase ( GSTs) to influence the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of a lot of drugs. Meanwhile, the modulation of quercetin on the metabolic enzymes demanded the participation of various nuclear receptors. Conclusion:Quercetin shows the inhibitory or inducing effect on a variety of drug-metabolizing enzymes, therefore, it can interact with other drugs.

Objective To investigate the entry points for clinical work of intensive care unit (ICU) pharmacists.Methods Through combination with daily work and referring the domestic and foreign literature,the characteristics of ICU medications were discussed to find out the entry point for clinical work of ICU pharmacists.Results ICU patients particularly need individualized pharmaceutical care because of the special pathophysiological characteristics and medicine use.Conclusion ICU pharmacists should provide pharmaceutical care based on Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics knowledge and focus on the drug dosage adjustment,drug interactions and adverse event prevention.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a RP-HPLC method for the determination of 5-fluorouracil(5-Fu)in magnetic micropheres (MMS), and to evaluate the target ability of 5-Fu magnetic microspheres in mice. METHODS: 5-Fu-MMS was digested with 0.5% pepsin, and then free 5-Fu was extracted from tissue with ethyl acetate, and detected by a validated RP-HPLC method. RESULTS: The calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.1～25mg?L-1 and the limit of quantization was 0.1mg?L-1. The tissue distribution of 5-Fu-MMS in the liver was significantly increased as compared to control(P

To determine the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of epinastine (EPN) hydrochloride, a promising histamine H1 receptor antagonist, in healthy Chinese volunteers under fasting conditions. METHODS: EPN hydrochloride test and reference tablets were administered as a single dose on two treatment days separated by a 1-week washout period. After dosing, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 36 h, and plasma EPN hydrochloride concentrations were determined by a validated reversed-phase HPLC method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with DAS software. RESULTS: Plasma concentration-time profiles were adequately described by a two-compartment open model. The compound was rapidly absorbed and cleared slowly from plasma with a half-life of approximately 10 h. The main pharmacokinetic parameters of EPN hydrochloride test and reference tablets were as follow: tmax were (2.2±0.5) and (2.0±0.4)h, Cmax were (66±16)and (68±13)μg/L, t1/2 were(10.1±1.3) and (10.4±2.4)h, AUC0-36 were (592±88) and (601±94)μg·h·L-1, respectively. The relative bioavailability of test tablets was (99±13)%. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the two formulations of EPN hydrochloride tablets are bioequivalent in the rate and extent of absorption.

AIM: To compare the bioavailability of the test and reference formulation of secnidazole (2 g) tablets under fasting conditions. METHODS: This bioequivalence study was carried out in 20 healthy male Chinese volunteers according to a single dose, two-sequence, crossover randomized design. Fifteen blood samples per period were collected over 96 h, and plasma secnidazole concentrations were determined by locally validated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay and pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed by the non-compartmental and compartmental methods. RESULTS: Plasma concentration-time profiles were adequately described by a one-compartment open model with first-order absorption. The main pharmacokinetic parameters of secnidazole test and reference tablets were as follows: tmax were (2.30±1.06) and (2.28±1.10) h, Cmax were (49.63±6.35) and (46.17±4.24) mg/L, t1/2 were (28.84±3.41) and (29.05±4.01) h, AUC0-96 were (1832.06±180.15) and (1847.14±204.14) mg·h-1·L-1, respectively. The relative bioavailability of test tablets was (99.99±11.92)%. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the two formulations of secnidazole tablets are bioequivalent in the rate and extent of absorption.

AIM: To study pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of pantoprazole sodium enteric-coated test and reference tablets in healthy volunteers. METHODS: A single oral dose of 40 mg pantoprazole sodium enteric-coated test and reference tablets were given to 20 male healthy volunteers in a randomized two-way crossover design. Plasma concentrations of pantoprazole were determined by HPLC method. Pharmacokinetic parameters and relative bioavailability were calculated with DAS program to evaluate the bioequivalence of the two preparations. RESULTS: Plasma concentration-time profiles were adequately described by a two-compartment open model. The main pharmacokinetic parameters of pantoprazole sodium test and reference tablets were as follow: The values of Tmax were (3.18±0.54) and (3.30±0.47) h, Cmax were (2.98±0.83) and (2.91±0.87) mg·L-1, T1/2β were (1.86±0.41) and (1.72±0.48) h, AUC0-t were (9.51±3.71) and (9.77±4.55) mg·h·L-1, respectively. The relative bioavailability of test tablets was (102.3±19.6)%. CONCLUSION: The two preparations of pantoprazole sodium are bioequivalent.

Objective: To establish an HPLC-fluorescence detection method for the determination of thioguanosine-monophosphate (TGMP), thioguanosine-diphosphate (TGDP) and thioguanosine-triphosphate (TGTP) in red blood cells (RBC), as well as quantify the individual thioguanine nucleotides metabolites in kidney transplant recipients with azathioprine (AZA) therapy.Methods: The individual thioguanosine phosphates were extracted from RBC by dichloromethane and subsequently oxidized by potassium permanganate.The separation was achieved on a Nucleosil C18 column (150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm) with an ion pairing reagent and detected by a fluorescence detector (excitation at 315 nm, emission at 390 nm).The mobile phase consisted of 20 mmol·L-1 potassium phosphate buffer (pH was adjusted to 6.8 by 5 mmol·L-1 tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate)-acetonitril (80:20) with the flow rate of 1.0 ml·min-1.Results: TGMP, TGDP and TGTP were quantified from RBC within the range of 50-500, 50-1000 and 100-5 000 pmol·ml-1, respectively.The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 50, 50 and 100 pmol·ml-1 RBC for TGMP, TGDP and TGTP, respectively.The intra-and inter-day RSDs were below 7.0% with the method recovery between 95.0% and 103.6%.The mean extraction recovery was above 90%.The assay was applied in the blood samples of 30 kidney transplant recipients with AZA therapy, and the results indicated that TGTP was the predominant phosphate metabolite in RBC.Conclusion: The method is simple, rapid, sensitive and specific, and it can quantitatively determine the individual thioguanosine phosphates in RBC of kidney transplant recipients with AZA therapy.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the clinical characteristics and gene polymorphism of oxcarbazepine (OXC)- induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). METHODS:Retrieved from CNKI,Wanfang,VIP, PubMed,EMBase,SpringerLink and other databases,case reports about OXC-induced severe ADR were summarized and ana-lyzed. RESULTS:Twelve literatures were collected,and 13 case reports about OXC-induced SJS/TEN were obtained. Male had more OXC-induced severe skin ADR than female. ADR mostly occurred during 1-14 d after medication. All patients were cured with treatment of glucocorticoid and antiallergy,without death case. Genotyping for 8 patients were performed and 6 of them showed the presence of HLA-B*1502 allele. While HLA-B alleles of 2 patients were HLA-B*1518/B*4001,which was the variation of HLA-B*1502. CONCLUSIONS:OXC-induced ADR should be monitored closely. Great importance should be attached to patient education and follow-up program. HLA-B*1502 gene detection should be performed to guide rational use of OXC and optimize clini-cal drug use plan.

Objective:To assess the clinical use of dezocine injection. Methods:The application of dezocine injection in the in-patients during December 2015 and November 2016 in a hospital was statistically analyzed and evaluated from indications, dosage, treatment course and combined drug use, etc. Results:A total of 12847 patients with the age range of 0-97 and the average age of (49 ± 15. 6) years old were treated with dezocine injection. The top three departments using dezocine injection were orthopaedics (12. 70％), hand surgery (10. 30％) and liver surgery (9. 39％). Totally 132 patients were with overdose(1. 03％), and mainly in cardiac surgery. The medication course of 1042 patients was more than one week(8. 11％), which was too long, while most of the pa-tients were with tumor. Conclusion:The clinical use of dezocine injection in the hospital is basically reasonable. However, clinicians still need more training to minimize the risks involved in the process of clinical medicine application.