Ubiquitin-like proteins are structurally similar to ubiquitin. These proteins are processed, activated, conjugated, and re-leased from conjugates by enzymatic steps that are similar to the corresponding mechanisms for ubiquitin. Ubiquitin-like proteins regu-late a wide array of cellular processes through modification processes, such as nuclear-cytosolic transport, transcriptional regulation, protein stability, response to stress, and progression through the cell cycle. A large number of recent studies have found dysfunctional ubiquitin-like proteins in hepatocellular carcinoma. These proteins are important in tumorigenesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and an-giogenesis. Anticancer drug studies revealed that regulating protein modification by using ubiquitin-like proteins may alter the anti-tu-mor effects of chemotherapy and thus influence the chemosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma. Results indicate that ubiquitin-like proteins may become a new target for cancer therapy. The mechanism of ubiquitin-like proteins in tumorigenesis and hepatocellular car-cinoma progression is of great significance in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

In this study, a literature review was adopted to specify terminology of biosimilars and demonstrate the basic characteristic of biologics and relevant research and development ( R&D) procedures. The regulatory frame-work of the European Medicines Agency ( EMA ) guidelines on biosimilars was introduced. Explicitly, regulatory guidelines and scientific principles, regarding biosimilarity, safety and immunogenicity, extrapolation, labels and names, data protection, were systematically introduced, as well as interchangeability and pharmacovigilance, respec-tively. The purpose of the study is to provide regulatory references for Chinese legislators and recommendations on the R&D of biosimilars in the biopharmaceutical industry.

Objective To explore and analyze the effects of allicin prodrug on proliferation of esophageal cancer cell line Eca9706 and the expression of apoptosis gene.Methods Different concentrations of allicin prodrugs were divided into a total of four groups:A1 group(10μg/mL),A2 group(20 μg/mL),A3 group (40 μg/mL),A4 group (normal saline,0 μg/mL),and respectively applicated in esophageal carcinoma cell line Eca9706.After culturing for 1 days,2 days,3 days,cell proliferation was detected by MTT and expression of p53 at the mRNA level was detected by RT-PCR.Results The optimum concentration of proliferation inhibition of allicin prodrug on esophageal cancer cell line Eca9706 was 20μg/mL and the best inhibition time was 2 days;the gene level of esophageal cancer cell line Eca9706 was inhibited with a dose-dependent.Conclusion Allicin prodrugs could effectively inhibit the proliferation of esophageal cancer cell line Eca9706,and control the proliferation of esophageal cancer cells by regulating the expression of apoptosis associated genes,so as to eliminate tumor cells.

Objective To investigate the application of pathogenic examination and biomarkers detection of cerebrospinal fluid in diagnosis of intracranial infection .Methods Pathogenic and biomarkers examination were performed in cerebrospinal fluid of 49 cases with intracranial infection (infection group) and 49 cases of craniocerebral trauma but without intracranial infection (control group) .Results Adenosine deaminase activity obviously increased in tuberculous meningitis cases ,glucose levels decreased in bac‐terial meningitis and cryptococcal meningitis cases ,protein and IgA content increased in bacterial meningitis cases ,IgG levels in‐creased in bacterial meningitis and tuberculous meningitis cases ,IgM levels increased in tuberculous meningitis cases (P<0 .05) . There were no significant differences of biomarkers levels between viral meningitis cases and control group (P>0 .05) .Conclusion Combined pathogenic detection and biomarker detection of cerebrospinal fluid could be helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of intracranial infection .

Biliary duct injury can arise severe complications,but the proper management can improve patients'prognosis and living quality.So we reviewed the current relevant references and hope it can do some help for clinicians.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the reason for the "tragedy of anti-commons" in biomedical patent and its effect on the development of biomedical industry.METHODS:The mathematical models of "commons" and "anti-commons" gambling were established based on the analysis on emergence of "patent bush" resulted from the abuse of biomedical patents,and the profit conflict of the patents power related to elementary researcher and applicant researcher was analyzed.RESULTS:The potential "tragedy of anti-commons" affects the enthusiasm of the biomedical researchers,hinders the rapid development of biomedical industry and the improvement of technological level.CONCLUSIONS:The corresponding measures should be taken from aspects such as system,research model,and patent applicant model to balance the possessiveness and exclusiveness,avoid the "tragedy of anti-commons" and facilitate the development of biomedical industry.

Obesity is a developing public health issue. As a core organ in energy storage and metabolic modulation, adipose tissue becomes an important target in body weight control. Total caloric intake limitation and /or macronutrient ratio regulation are commonly used in obesity therapy. The anti-obesity agents derived from adipocyte products may bring us new ways more suitable to physiological status in the future.

Background:Nonvariceal vascular upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a special type of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) with serious disease course and high mortality rate, which should be paid more attention by clinicians.Aims:To explore the etiological factors and therapeutic strategies of vascular NVUGIB for improving the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.Methods:Clinical data of 111 cases of vascular NVUGIB admitted from Jan.2012 to Dec.2016 at Daping Hospital, the Third Military Medical University were retrospectively analyzed.All cases were diagnosed by gastroscopy, abdominal CT or angiography.Results:One hundred and five patients underwent a gastroscopy within 24 hours of hospital admission.The major causes of bleeding were peptic ulcer involving blood vessels (62.2%) and vascular malformation (22.5%);other causes included Dieulafoy disease, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, malignant tumor, intra-abdominal infection, trauma and gastric angiotelectasis.Seventy-eight patients (70.3%) received endoscopic hemostasis, 19 received conservative medical therapy only, 13 were treated by interventional embolization and 5 underwent surgical operation.Hemostasis was achieved in 96.4% of the patients (107 cases);in four deceased, 3 were failures of endoscopic and interventional therapies.Conclusions:Peptic ulcer and vascular malformation are the major causes of vascular NVUGIB.Endoscopic therapy has generally been recommended as the first-line treatment, however, interventional embolization or surgical operation should be used directly if necessary.

OBJECTIVE:To provide suggestions for constructing and improving national essential drug policy METHODS:With the introduction of the elements of national essential drug policy,the weak links in national essential drug policy promotion in China were analyzed RESULTS & CONCLUSION:The practice of the national essential drug policy was in fact still in preliminary stage,so that the state departments and different social quarters should take positive steps to promote our essential drug policy

With the gradual standardization in the medical management of family beds, widespread attention has been given to the establishment of complete medical records for patients using family beds. To achieve genuine standardization, a set of new nursing records for family beds were designed in light of the features of family nursing. This set of records attaches importance to the assessment of the patients' daily life skills, family resources, and living environment. It is easy to use and gives expression to the independent and scientific nature of community nursing. The designed protocol for family nursing plays some role in safeguarding the interests of both physicians and patients.