Objective To investigate the effect of optimized radiological examination strategy on iatrogenic radiation exposure in severe trauma patients so as to provide scientific basis for standardized application of radiological examination.Methods A controlled, three-stage intervention study from April 2010 to November 2011 was carried out.From April 2010 to July 2010, a pre-intervention study was conducted and enrolled 60 patients [43 males, 17 females;age (50 ± 14)years, age range 23-78 years].From August 2010 to March 2011, optimized strategies of radiological examination were implemented, including improving clinicians' knowledge to the standardization of radiological examination and iatrogenic radiation injury and limiting frequency of CT scans through the electronic medical record.From April 2011 to November 2011, post-intervention study was conducted and enrolled 100 patients (81 males, 19 females;age (47 ± 14) years, age range 18-79 years].During this period, major trauma patients were analyzed with respect to the clinical information, radiation examination frequency, ionizing radiation dose and influencing factors.Radiation examination frequency and radiation dose were compared before and after the intervention.Results Radiological examinations were mainly X-ray and CT before the implication of optimized strategies.Of the 60 patients, median frequency of X-rays and CT scan was 6.0(3.0-11.0) and 10.0(8.0-13.8).Median frequency of CT scan was positively correlated with the injury severity score (ISS) and ICU length of stay (r =0.369 and 0.523, P ＜ 0.05).Of the 100 patients, median frequency of CT scan was significantly reduced after the optimization of radiological examination (8.0 vs.10.0, P ＜ 0.05).Total frequency of radiological examination was significantly reduced as well (13.6 vs.17.8, P ＜0.01).There was no significant difference in the treatment success rate before and after the optimization of radiological examination (85.0％ vs.88.3％, P ＞ 0.05).When the frequency of head and chest CT scan was limited, the frequency of radiological examination, radiation exposure and radiological examination expenses were greatly reduced.Conclusions Too much X-ray,CT or other radiological examinations are noted in major trauma patients during the treatment period.Improved understanding of radiation-induced injury, optimizing radiological examination and controlling the repeated radiological examinations of the same site contribute to reducing iatrogenic radiology exposure without affecting the outcome.

Objective To explore the determinant factors influencing the constituent parts of radiological examination in severe trauma patients so as to provide scientific basis for optimized strategy of radiological examination. Methods A prospective study was carried out from April to July 2010 in a tertiary hospital. Clinical data of 60 severe trauma patients admitted to emergency department and ICU were recorded. The type, number and site of trauma under radiological examination were described and compared among different stages of treatment. The correlation between number of radiological examinations and age, number of injured site, injury severity score (ISS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), ICU stay and overall length of hospital stay were analyzed. Results (1) The majority of radiological examinations in 60 patients were radiography and CT, with a corresponding median number of 6.0(3.0～ 11.0, IQR)and 10.0(8.0 ～ 13.8, Qr) times per patient. (2) The numbers of radiography examinations requested in emergency room, emergency ICU and general ward were quite approximately equal (x2 =4.043 ,P =0. 132), while CT examinations were mainly requested in emergency room and emergency ICU (x2 = 20. 274 , P < 0. 001). (3) The numbers of radiological examinations requested for different sites of injury were quite significantly different between radiography and CT during different stages of treatment (x2 = 114.609, 75.932, P < 0.01). (4 ) The number of CT scan requested was positively correlated with number of injured site, ISS, ICU and overall length of hospital stay (r =0.273,0.369,0.523,0.417,all P <0.05). Conclusions The sum of radiological examinations in severe trauma patients was great mainly in radiography and CT, and CT was more predominantly requested. The number of CT scans examinations was positively correlated with severity of injury and length of ICU stay. Further study is warranted to optimize radiological examination in severe trauma patients.

Objective:To analyze and compare the clinical indicators and the liver failure-related prognostic score of patients with amanita phalloides poisoning with different prognoses, and to explore potential prognostic indicators.Methods:A retrospective case-control study was conducted. The clinical data of 52 patients with amanita phalloides poisoning admitted to the department of emergency of Xijing Hospital Affiliated to Air Force Medical University from September 2016 to September 2021 were collected, including general information (gender, age), clinical indicators at admission [mean arterial pressure (MAP), total bilirubin (TBil), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), albumin (ALB), serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatine kinase (CK), D-dimer, fibrinogen degradation product (FDP), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin activity (PTA), international normalized ratio (INR), white blood cell count (WBC), platelet count (PLT)], liver failure-related prognostic score [sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), chronic liver failure (CLIF)-SOFA score, European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure-organ failure (CLIF-C OF)], and 28-day outcome. The clinical indicators and liver failure-related prognostic scores of the patients with different prognoses were compared. Receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) was used to determine the prognostic value of statistically significant indicators between different prognosis of patients with amanita poisoning.Results:A total of 45 patients were enrolled, of which 38 survived and 7 died within 28 days. The coagulation indicators including PT, APTT, INR, and liver failure-related prognostic scores including SOFA score, CLIF-SOFA score, and CLIF-C OF score in the patients of death group were significantly higher than those in the survival group [PT (s): 69.59±15.94 vs. 25.99±4.64, APTT (s): 83.44±17.82 vs. 42.64±3.79, INR: 6.13±1.47 vs. 2.07±0.33, SOFA score: 11.57±1.38 vs. 6.03±0.77, CLIF-SOFA score: 9.86±2.17 vs. 5.55±0.67, CLIF-C OF score: 11.71±0.97 vs. 8.37±0.35], and PLT was significantly lowered (×10 9/L: 80.57±29.65 vs. 169.60±11.80, all P < 0.05). ROC curves showed that coagulation indicators including PT, APTT, INR, PLT, and liver failure-related prognostic scores including SOFA score and CLIF-C OF score were associated with the prognosis of patients with amanita phalloides poisoning, with the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of > 0.75. The sensitivity of the clinical indicators was above 85%, and the AUC and specificity of INR were the highest, which were 0.88 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 0.74-1.00] and 83.0%, respectively; meanwhile, the sensitivity of the liver failure-related prognostic scores was 100%, and the AUC and specificity of the CLIF-C OF score were the highest, which were 0.86 (95% CI was 0.74-0.99) and 66.0%, respectively. Conclusion:INR and CLIF-C OF score can be used to evaluate the poor prognosis of patients with amanita phalloides poisoning.