Objective To evaluate the effects of isoflurane anesthesia on the cognitive function and expression of translocator protein 18 kDa ( TSPO) in the brain tissues of aged rats. Methods Twelve pathogen?free male Sprage?Dawley rats, aged 20 months, weighing 500-550 g, were randomly divided into 2 groups ( n=6 each) using a random number table: control group ( group C) and isoflurane anesthesia group ( group I) . The rats inhaled 2% isoflurane in 100% O2 for 4 h in group I, or 100% O2 for 4 h in group C. The rats underwent Morris water maze test at 24 h after anethesia. The escape latency and frequency of crossing the original platform were recorded. Then the rats were sacrificed, and the hippocampus and cerebral cortex were isolated for determination of the expression of TSPO and Iba1 by Western blot and quantitative real?time reverse transcriptase?polymerase chain reaction. Results Compared with group C, the escape latency was significantly prolonged, the frequency of crossing the original platform was decreased, and the expression of TSPO and Iba1 protein and mRNA in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex was up?regulated in group I ( P<0. 05 ) . Conclusion Isoflurane anesthesia results in decreased cognitive function through up?regulating the expression of TSPO in the brain tissues of aged rats.

Objective To explore the effect of mirror therapy in conjunction with task-oriented training on the upper extremity function of post-stroke patients and the possible mechanisms. Methods Twenty-one post-stroke patients were randomly assigned to a treatment group (10 patients) or a control group (ll patients).The patients in the treatment group were given conventional rehabilitation therapy and mirror therapy in conjunction with task-oriented training for 4 weeks.The control group was given only the same conventional rehabilitation treatment as the treatment group and upper extremity task-oriented training for 4 weeks.Both groups trained 1 h/d,5 d/week.Upper-extremity motor ability was assessed using the Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) and the Hong Kong version of the functional test for the hemiplegic upper extremity (FTHUE-HK).Ability in the activities of daily living (ADL) was assessed using the Barthel Index (BI) pre-treatment and after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. Results At the 2nd week and 4th week evaluations,the FMA,FTHUE-HK and BI scores in both groups had all significantly increased compared with pretreatment.The average FMA score in the treatment group increased significantly more than in the control group at week 2,but by the 4th week both FMA and FTHUE-HK scores in the treatment group significantly exceeded those in the control group.There was no significant difference between the two groups in the improvement of their average BI scores. Conclusions Implementing mirror therapy in conjunction with task-oriented training is efficacious.It may promote upper-extremity motor ability in patients with hemiparesis soon after stroke,but there is no definite improvement in ADL ability.

Objective To investigate the pathogenesis role of aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 in idiopathic polyhydramnios by detecting their expression and distribution in fetal membranes and placenta.Methods Twenty-one of term pregnancy women with idiopathic polyhydramnios were enrolled as patient group matched with 30 women with normal term pregnancy as control group.The expression and localization of aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 in fetal membranes and placenta were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and streptavidin peroxidase immunohistochemiscal staining.Results (1)The mRNA expressions of aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 were detected in amnion,chorion and placental tissue in both patient group and control group.Both aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 were demonstrated positive staining in the amnion epithelia,chorion cytotrophoblasts and placental trophoblast.(2)The ratio of aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 mRNA expressions in amnion in patient group comparing to those in control group were 5.00 and 3.25,while in chorion they were 2.03 and 2.08.When compared with those in amnion and chorion of control group,there was a significant difference(P<0.01).However,the relative change fold of aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 in placental trophoblast in patient group were decreased in comparison of those in control group,which also showed statistical difference(P<0.01).(3)The expression of aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 protein in anmion were 7.5 ±2. 0 and 11.1 ± 1.8 in patient group, while they were 5.3 ± 1. 6 and 5.6 ± 2. 3 in control group. In chorion, the expression of aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 protein was 7.5±2. 0 and 10. 0 ±1.6 in patient group, respectively, while in control group, they were 5.4 ±2.2 and 5.6±2. 1. When compared with those proteins in control group, it exhibited statistical difference (P<0.05). However, in placental trophoblast of patient greup,the expression of aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 protein were 3.5±1.4and 4. 0±2. 5, respectively, which were significantly decreased than 5.6±1. 3 and 7. 1±2. 9 in control group(P< 0. 05). Conclusions The alterations of aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 expressions in fetal membrane and placenta might be an adaptive response to idiopathic polyhydramnios. Further investigation should be needed to clarify the regulatory mechanism of aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 expressions.

OBJECTIVE To prepare the Graves disease (GD) mouse model through porcine thyroid globulin (PTG) injection and investigate the morbidity and stability of the model. METHODS C57BL6/N mice in model group received multi-point subcutaneous injection of PTG 25μg each week,six times in all. After the end of immunization,their heart rate and oxygen consumption were measured and serum triiodothyronine(T3)level was determined every two weeks. A model was considered successful if serum T3 level was higher than x+3s of the control group. Observation of the model lasted 12 weeks. At the 12th week,spleen and thymus gland indices,serum thyroid globulin antibodies and thyroid peroxidase antibodies were measured,and the thyroid glands were taken for pathological observation. RESULTS After six times of immunization,mice in model group showed increased heart rate(P<0.01),oxygen consumption(P<0.01)and T3 level(P<0.01)compared with control group. The morbidity was 77.7%for male mice and 88.8%for females. In addition,T3 level in model group remained higher than that in control group within 12 weeks after immunization. The T3 level tended to decrease in male mice,but remained at a relatively stable higher level in females. CONCLUSION This method is suitable for GD modeling due to its short model-making time,high morbidity and long durability.

[Objective]To investigate differential gene expression in dendritic cell(DC) in response to human alloantigen and cytomegalovirus protein,and search target genes which can prevent graft rejection and eytomegalovirus (CMV) infection.[Methods]Genome-wide microarray analysis was performed to test gene expression in DC in response to human alloantigen and cytomegalovirus protein 3A(CMV3A).[Results]The Results showed that the difference of gene expression of DC induced by CMV3A and alloantigen was significant.The genes with differential expression included antigen processing and presentation,toll-like receptor signaling pathway and cell movement/migration, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome p450,and several heat shock protein(HSP) family members including HSPA5,HSPA8,HSPA9B and HSP90AB1,in DC induced hy alloantigen were higher expression than that by CMV3A.[Conclusion]This study found several genes including heat shock protein family in DC induced by alloantigen were higher expression than that by CMV3A,these genes might play a valuable role in preventing graft rejection and CMV infection.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of moderate aerobic exercise intervention for patients with Alzheimer's disease. Methods Randomized Clinical Trials(RCTs) that assessed the effectiveness of aerobic exercise intervention for patients with Alzheimer's disease were reviewed using multiple electronic databases systematically. Data were analyzed by RevMan 5.2.0 version. Results Eight RCTs were included. Meta-analysis indicated that moderate aerobic exercise could improve the score of MMSE(WMD=1.58,95%CI:0.63~2.53,P<0.01),reduce the score of Alzheimer's disease assessment scale-cognitive subscale(ADAS-Cog)(WMD=-4.06,95%CI:-6.83~-1.28,P<0.01) and the score of Neuropsychiatric Inventory(WMD=-3.97,95%CI:-5.69~-2.25,P<0.01). Conclusion Moderate Aer-obic exercise can improve cognitive function of Alzheimer's patients,and improve their neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Objective To examine the effect of voice cues on nonfluent aphasia patients'performance in reading idioms.Methods Very familiar idioms were presented to aphasia patients on a computer screen either with or without an accompanying voice cue.The patients were asked to say the last two words of each idiom.The number of errors with the last two words of the idioms wag used to compare the patients'performance under the two conditions.Results The mean correct score was 9.46±13.08 when the idioms were presented without a voice cue,but 13.61±6.06 with the voice cue.The difference was statistically significant.Conclusion Voice cues can improve the speaking of familiar idioms for nonfluent aphasia patients.

Objective To evaluate the quality of pooled platelets leukocytes reduced after filtering out leukocytes using two man-ufacturers of leucocyte filters for pooled platelets and improving the preparation method.Methods Pooled platelets was prepared from 400 mL fresh whole blood by buffy coats(BC)method,after 1 6 h,(22±2)℃ holding period,pooled six bags of ABO-matched buffy coats.and then filtered with two manufacturers of leucocyte filter,divided into the control group and the experimental group. Before and after filtering,the numbers of platelet and leukocyte,pH,hypotonic shock response(HSR),platelet aggregation and CD62p expression were detected.Results Before filtering leukocytes,the platelet quality of two groups achieved the requirements of Chinese standards.The numbers of platelet and leukocyte,pH,CD62p expression(%)and platelet aggregation showed no signifi-cant difference between two groups(P >0.05).However,After filtering,the pH,platelet aggregation and the platelet recovery,the experimental group and the control group,were (6.53±0.60)vs(7.00±0.06)、(5.5±3.8)% vs (77.4±14.7)%,(86.8±4.3)%vs (90.6±2.7)%,showed significant differences (P <0.05);but the residual leukocytes,HSR and CD62p expression respectively were (3.00±4.00)×10 6/ bag vs (2.00±3.00)×10 6/ bag,(2.40±0.90)% vs (2.00±0.80)%,(7.30±5.90)% vs (5.60 ±3. 70)%,there were no significant differences(P >0.05).Conclusion The quality of pooled platelets leukocytes is reduced,after filte-ring out leukocytes with two manufacturers of leucocyte filters and improving the preparation method,achieves the requirements of Chinese standards.However,the leukocyte filters of experimental group might have influence on platelet aggregation and pH.

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of moxibustion in the treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), by observing the effects of moxibustion at Tianshu (ST25) and Shangjuxu (ST37) on microRNA-133b (miRNA-133b), pituitary homeobox family factor 3 (Pitx3)/tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and neurotransmitters in the brain tissue of IBS-D rats. Methods: Healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group, a moxibustion group, and a Western medicine group, with 12 rats in each group. Except for the normal group, the IBS-D rat model was established by mother-offspring separation and acetic acid enema combined with restraint stress stimulation in all the other groups. No intervention was performed in the normal and model groups. Mild moxibustion was applied to both Tianshu (ST25) and Shangjuxu (ST37) in the moxibustion group. Rifaximin was given by gavage in the Western medicine group. The physical status of rats in each group was observed at different periods. After the intervention, hematoxylin- eosin staining was performed to observe the histopathological morphology of rat colon; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the levels of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NE), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in plasma, colon, and midbrain tissue of rats; the relative expression levels of miRNA-133b, Pitx3 mRNA, and TH mRNA in the midbrain tissue were measured by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the relative expression levels of Pitx3 and TH proteins in the midbrain tissue were measured by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Results: The body weights of rats among groups and at different time points were statistically different (P<0.01). The body weight of the normal group was higher than that of the other groups over time (P<0.01). After modeling, the minimum volume threshold of abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) was significantly lower (P<0.01) and the loose stool rate was significantly higher (P<0.01) in the model, moxibustion, and Western medicine groups compared with the normal group; the miRNA-133b expression in the midbrain tissue was significantly lower (P<0.01), the expression levels of Pitx3 and TH in the midbrain tissue were significantly higher (P<0.01), and the levels of DA, NE, and 5-HT in plasma, colon and midbrain tissue were significantly higher (P<0.01). After the intervention, the minimum volume threshold of AWR was significantly higher (P<0.01), the loose stool rate was significantly lower (P<0.01), the miRNA-133b expression was significantly increased (P<0.01 or P<0.05) and the expression levels of Pitx3 and TH were significantly decreased (P<0.01) in the midbrain tissue, the levels of DA, NE, and 5-HT in plasma, colon, and midbrain tissue were significantly reduced (P<0.01) in the moxibustion and Western medicine groups compared with the model group; the levels of 5-HT in the colon and midbrain tissue of the moxibustion group were significantly lower than those in the Western medicine group (P<0.05), and there was no statistical difference compared with the remaining groups (P>0.05). Linear correlation analysis showed that miRNA-133b was negatively correlated with Pitx3 (r<0, P<0.01); Pitx3 with TH, TH with DA, and NE with 5-HT were positively correlated (r>0, P<0.01).Conclusion: Moxibustion at Tianshu (ST25) and Shangjuxu (ST37) improves diarrhea symptoms and visceral hypersensitivity in IBS-D rats. The mechanism may be related to up-regulating miRNA-133b, inhibiting Pitx3/TH, and reducing neurotransmitter expression levels in the midbrain tissue.

Objective To identify the risk factors for positive resection residues after endoscopic submucosal dissection ( ESD ) of early esophageal squamous carcinomas and precancerous lesions. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed in 315 patients with early esophageal squamous cancer and precancerous lesion who underwent ESD. The pathological features of all resection margins in the specimen and the follow?up outcome of the patients with positive resection margin were evaluated. Univariate and multi?variate analysis were used to determine the risk factors for resection margin residues after ESD. Results In 315 lesions,there were 290 lesions with negative resection margins and 25 with positive resection margins.The number of lesions with positive lateral, basal, or both resection margins was 13, 8, and 4, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that the depth of invasion( submucosal layer invasion, P=0?048) was the only independent risk factor for positive basal resection margin. The proportion of circumferential extension (≥3/4,P=0?014) and the depth of invasion( exceeding muscularis mucosa, P=0?007) were independent risk factors for positive lateral resection margin. Conclusion The diameter of the lesions and the depth of tumor invasion are independent risk factors for esophageal ESD positive resection margins. Accurate evaluation of lesion extension and invasive depth is critical to avoid residual or recurrent tumor after esophageal ESD.