OBJECTIVE:To explore WHO western pacific region to essential drugs available and the framework of regional action (2010～2015) and the implications of China's essential drug policy.METHODS:Discuss WHO western pacific region to essential drug available and the framework of regional action of 2010～2015,and to help WHO western pacific regional expert consultation of member states including China can obtain the essential drug which was afforded,quailty assurance,use properly,fair,and available.RESULTS & CONCLUSION:As a key member of WHO western pacific region,we support the plan and framework,but we need to do with the implementation of national conditions.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference information for pharmacoeconomic studies in China.METHODS:To intro?duce the roles of budget impact analysis and financial impact analysis and the connection with cost-effectiveness analy?sis.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:Budget impact analysis can contribute to making innovative drug reimbursement decision.

OBJECTIVE:To provide references for drug pricing and drug administration for Chinese government.METHODS:The drug pricing and administration policies in UK were expounded and the effects of which were analyzed and evaluated,based on which some suggestions were put forward with the consideration of the specific condition of our country.RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS:The rules of market economy should be obeyed and market monitoring should be carried out in China.The non-governmental organizations should play a key role in the support and service for national drug supervision and administration.The drug prices should be controlled according to category so as to make the formula process of drug price policy scientific.The government-set price and the market price monitoring mechanism should be established and the legal system of drug price management should be established as soon as possible.

Objective: To compare utility values measured by different instruments. Methods: Different instruments were used to measure utility values in 350 patients who were diagnosed as age-related macular degeneration at the same time. The median of utility values measured by different instruments was regarded as relative standard utility value to process comparison, analysis of variance, correlation analysis and curve estimation. Results: Most differences and correlations among utility values measured by different instruments were significant, as well as equations estimated from relative standard utility value and utility values measured by different instruments, but the degree of fitting was not high. Conclusion: The utility values of the same subject measured by different instruments are quite different. The results of the study could provide correction reference to the utility value measured by single instrument in the absence of absolute standard.

OBJECTIVE:To understand the trend of cost and amount of consumption of antihypertensives,antidiabetics,antipsychotics and antibiotics in Shanghai.METHODS:The data of above-mentioned 4 sorts of drugs were collected from analysis system of drug-use of Shanghai in 1994～1999.The cost of each sort of drug was calculated in term of fixed price of 1994 and the amount of consumption was discount to DDDs.RESULTS:The total cost and total amount of consumption of these 4 sorts of drugs assumed a tendency towards increase and the growth rate of the former exceeded that of the latter.Antibiotics were the highest in cost;antidiabetics and antipsychotics were the highest in growth rate;antihypertensives were maximum in amount of consumption and antidiabetics were the highest in growth rate of consumption.CONCLUSION:In Shanghai,the total cost of these four sorts of drugs increased rapidly and the prices of drugs rose year by year.The spectrum of diseases has changed to some extent.

OBJECTIVE:To summarize the experiences of Ningxia's drug tender policy reform in unifying tender operation,price,and distribution("Trinity" reform).METHODS:Review of the reform process with discussion from the perspective of extension of tender policy objective,essential medicine policy as well as existing problems and corresponding countermeasures.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:In addition to the functions that Ningxia's "Trinity" reform of drug tender policy solidifies the price-lowering role of drug tender policy and benefits the construction of essential medicine policy,the reform still needs to be improved with regards to some existing problems.

Objective To grasp the features of the macro health economic operation in China in the 1990s. Methods The method of retrospective analysis was used to compare the tendencies of increase in the total health costs, medical expenses, costs of medical services and expenses for medicine in China from 1990 to 2000. Results The total health costs in China were constantly on the increase, with an average annual increase rate of 13 33%. Medical expenses also showed a tendency of accelerated increase from 1993 on, with an average annual increase rate of 10 83%. The average annual rates of increase in costs of medical services and expenses for medicine were respectively 14 14% and 11 07%. From 1994 on, the rate of increase in the above indexes was apparently higher than the growth rate of GDP. Conclusion Although some effects have been achieved through "total quantity control and structural readjustment", the health economic situation in China remains to be further improved when compared with developed countries.

Objective To compare the difference in cost formation between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis so as to provide basis for the formulation and perfection of medical security policies. Methods An analysis was made of the cost formation and profits of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis in 4 hospitals of Shanghai in 1999. Results Of the average cost of each performance of hemodialysis, the cost of materials accounted for 35% to 47% and the cost of equipment accounted for 38% to 44%, while the scope of increase in profits was affected both by the number of patients and the average profits per performance. Of the average cost of each performance of peritoneal dialysis, the cost of materials exceeded 97% while profits were related only to the number of patients. Conclusion There is a marked difference in profits between the two forms of dialysis, leading to an improper expansion in the use of hemodialysis and an inhibition in the rational use of the technique of peritoneal dialysis.

OBJECTIVE:To introduce methods of cost categorizing in pharmacoeconomics evaluation and existing controversy METHODS:To compare different cost measurement methods and definition in different pharmacoeconomic guideline RESULTS & CONCLUSION:Choosing appropriate cost spectrum corresponding to different studing aspects

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for choosing appropriate methods of health outcome measurement in phar?macoeconomic evaluation.METHODS:To compare different outcome measurement methods and introduce the standards in varied pharmacoeconomic guidelines.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:We should choose those methods according to different health systems,angles of research and disease specialities.