From the time of Neijing (Internal Classic) and Nanjing (Classic of Medical Problems) till the end of Qing dynasty, the medical scholars of each dynasty had taken the recognition of deqi as the subject in the stud- ies. Through the historical analysis, the content of regulating deqi was further understood in relevant ancient liter- ature. By checking the ancient works of acupuncture in each dynasty till the end of Qing dynasty, in reference to the evidences in over 10 works, such as Zhenjiu Dacheng (Great Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) , Zhenjing Zhinan (Instruction of Acupuncture Canon), Zhenjiu Daquan, and in association with the academic views of acupuncture masters in modern time, it was discovered that the medical scholars after the time of Neijing and Nanjing had enriched the understandings of deqi, such as the connection of cold and heat reaction, radiation to the affected site, reinforcing and reducing purpose in qi regulation. The methods of deqi regulations had, been explored till the end of Qing dynasty since the time of Neijing and Nanjing and the understandings of it were vari- ous among scholars.
Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; methods ; Books ; history ; China ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Qi ; history ; Sensation

Objective To explore the feasibility of using short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SLSEP) to quantitate Deqi.Methods A randomized crossover controlled trial was carried out. Healthy subjects were enrolled and allocated to treatment (thick needle, deep insertion and manipulation for Deqi) and control (thin needle, shallow insertion and no manipulation without Deqi) groups. Somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded before, during and after acupuncture. Deqi was assessed using the score scale in the subjets. The effects of Deqi and no Deqi at point Sanyinjiao (SP 6) on the potentials were observed.Results The preliminary exploration of the feasibility by the trial test showed that the effect of Deqi on short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials had certain regularity. It was worthy to be observed.Conclusion The plan is feasible. The formal test can be conducted.

Qi arrival is the meridian qi response to acupuncture stimulation. Through analyzing the relevant concepts of qi arrival and summarizing the general understanding of it in clinic and on the basis of the collection of the relevant literature at home and abroad on the determination of qi arrival and its strength, the characteristics are analyzed on the present method and the method for the determination of qi arrival and its strength is discussed in terms of the results in the needling sensation scale. It is believed that the needling sensation and its strength can be used to determine whether the qi is arrived or not and its strength. The components of different types of needling sensation are much better applicable for the analysis on the characteristics and rules on the influence on qi arrival. This method is in compliance not only with the theoretic connotation of qi arrival, but also with the clinical general understanding, which lays the foundation for the analysis on the scale results.
Acupuncture Therapy ; instrumentation ; methods ; Humans ; Meridians ; Qi ; Sensation

Objective By using infrared thermal imager (Flir-SC620), to observe the effect of needling Sanyinjiao (SP6) on the skin temperature at Guanyuan (CV4) and Sanyinjiao in patients with primary dysmenorrhea (PD) of cold and dampness stagnation pattern, and to explore the probability of using infrared thermal imaging for diagnosis and as an objective index for evaluating the action and needling qi of acupuncture. Method Thirty-six subjects were recruited and divided into four group, a health control group (group A), a control group of PD of cold and dampness stagnation pattern (group B), a needling-qi-expected group (group C) and a needling-qi-unexpected group (group D). Group A and B were not given acupuncture treatment, while group C and D were treated with acupuncture at bilateral Sanyinjiao with needles retained for 30 min, and the needling sensations were recorded. The infrared thermal imager was used to detect the skin temperature at Guanyuan and bilateral Sanyinjiao for 40 min for each group, and the temperature was recorded every 10 min. The temperature during different periods of time, 0-10 min, 20-20 min, 20-30 min, 30-40 min, 0-30 min, and 0-40 min were then calculated. In group C, those obtained the needling qi sensation were further grouped into C-1 and those didn’t obtain the sensation were into C-2; in group D, those obtained needling qi sensation were further grouped into D-1 and those didn’t obtain the sensation were into D-2. SPSS 17.0 was adopted for data processing, and the data were analyzed by using MANOVA of repeated measuring. Result Compared to group A (6 cases), the temperature at Guanyuan in group B (6 cases) was significantly decreased during 0-30 min and 0-40 min (P<0.05), the temperature at the left Sanyinjiao during 0-40 min in group B was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the temperatures at bilateral Sanyinjiao during 30-40 min in group B significantly dropped (P<0.05). Compared to group B, the temperatures at Guanyuan during 0-30 min and 0-40 min in group C1 (12 cases) and group D1 (11 cases) were significantly increased (P<0.05), the temperature at left Sanyinjiao during 0-40 min in group D1 was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the temperatures at bilateral Sanyinjiao during 30-40 min in group D1 were significantly increased (P<0.05). There was no case in group C2 and only 1 case in group D2, hence, the data were not enough for analysis. Conclusion Decrease of the infrared temperature at Guanyuan and Sanyinjiao can be taken as one of the diagnostic criteria for dysmenorrhea of cold stagnation pattern. Increase of the infrared temperature at Guanyuan can be regarded as one of the objective evidences for the along-meridian transmission characteristic in needling Sanyinjiao.

ObjectiveTo explore the relation between the uterine position and acupoint effect by analyzing the data of a clinical trial of electroacupuncture in treating primary dysmenorrhea.MethodThe uterine position was detected by ultrasonic examination;Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the pain degree before and after intervention; Retrospective Symptom Scale (RSS) was adopted to determine the improvement of symptoms.ResultThere were no significant differences in comparing the VAS score, real-time effect and post-treatment effect, and effective rate among different uterine positions (P>0.05). Electroacupuncture at Sanyinjiao (SP 6) can produce a real-time effect in releasing abdominal pain and relevant symptoms of dysmenorrhea in patients with anteversion of uterus, a less significant effect was shown in patients with retroposition of uterus, while no effect was shown in patients with uterus at middle position.ConclusionElectroacupuncture at Sanyinjiao possibly has a specific effect in releasing abdominal pain and relevant symptoms of dysmenorrhea at anteversion of uterus, and the uterine position may be related to the corresponding meridians and Zang-fu organs. The current statistical result indicates that there is no relation between the uterine position and the effect of Sanyinjiao, but this conclusion still needs proving by prospective randomized controlled clinicaltrials.

Acupuncture-moxibustion theory believes that needling sensation is a crucial factor in influencing acupuncture efficacy. Judgment of occurrence of needling qi (qualitative measurement) and the intensity of needling qi (quantitative measurement) is the key section in studying the relationship between needling qi and efficacy. According to the relevant literatures, the judgment of the occurrence of needling qi mostly depended on the needling sensations, while a small amount of researches mentioned self-determined threshold or range of needling qi; the quantity of needling qi was measured by factor analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital Acupuncture Sensation Scale (MASS) based on exponential smoothing method, weighted average, addition of needling sensation score, etc. This article holds that the needling qi should be divided into two parts: overall needling qi and needling sensation components, the former referring to the occurrence and intensity of needling qi, and the latter for judging the different sensations and intensity. Currently, the studies on needling qi and efficacy should begin with single treatment at single point and multiple treatments at multiple points, to generally estimate the quality and quantity of needling qi, for seeking a qualitative and quantitative measurement in accordance with both acupuncture-moxibustion theory and clinical practice.

Objective:To study and compare the prognosis of different pathological subtypes of renal cell carcinoma (RCC).Methods:Clinicopathological and prognostic data of 1 346 cases of postoperative renal cell carcinoma during July 2002 to June 2014 in West China Hospital were collected retrospectively.There were 839 males and 507 females, aged (55.1±13.4)years, including 1 120 cases of clear cell RCC, 62 cases of papillary RCC, 79 cases of chromophobe RCC and 85 cases of the other pathological types respectively. ECOG 0 and ≥1 were 911 and 435 cases, with; T 1, T 2, T 3 and T 4 of 1 019, 177, 102 and 48 cases respectively; WHO nuclear grade for well, intermediate, poor differentiation and unknown were 587, 530, 85 and 144 cases separately.Tumor size <5cm, 5-10cm, ≥10cm and unknown were 685, 541, 104 and 16 cases.Combined with necrosis or sacromatoid differentiation were 200/1 146 and 27/1 319 cases separately. Meanwhile, data of 80 439 cases from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) were also collected.There were 51 371 males and 29 068 females, aged (60.9±12.4) years; , with 66 261, 8 680, 5 022 and 476 cases of White, Black, Asian, American native, or unknown race separately. There were 62 600 of clear cell RCC, 12 170 of papillary RCC, 4 354 of chromophobe RCC and 1 315 of other pathological types, with T 1, T 2, T 3 and T 4 of 55 332, 8 687, 15 516 and 904 cases respectively; WHO nuclear grade for well, intermediate and poor differentiation were 52 323, 22 700 and 5 416 cases separately.Tumor size <5cm, 5-10cm, ≥10cm were 46 741, 25 760 and 7 938 cases respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were performed on these two group of cases, with different factors between subgroups (gender, age, pathological types, tumor stage, size and nuclear grade) evaluated by log-rank test. To evaluate accuracy of outcome prediction models of SSIGN, Leibovich and UISS score, concordance index of these models were evaluated. Results:In 1 346 cases of our cohort, those with chromophobe RCC were well prognostic, survival were relatively better in clear cell RCC than that of papillary RCC, and worst prognosis were demonstrated in those with other types of RCC (5 year overall survival rate: 97.5%, 87.9%, 79.7% and 68.4% separately). Poor prognosis were seen in those older than 50 years, with poor T stage or nuclear grade, large tumor size and tumors with necrosis or sacromatoid differentiation ( P<0.05). In 80 439 seer cases, the best prognosis was also seen in chromophobe RCC and the worst in other type of RCC separately (5 year overall survival rate: 96.3% and 85.3%). In addition, longer survival was seen in papillary RCC than clear cell RCC (5 year overall survival rate: 92.5% and 88.9%). However, similar results with our cohort were seen in Asian and American native subgroup of SEER cases (95.1%, 88.6%, 86.7%, 80.2% for chromophobe, clear cell, papillary and other types of RCC respectively). Poor prognosis were seen in those older than 50 years, males, Asian/ American Indian, poor T stage or nuclear grade and large tumor size ( P<0.05). Concordance index for SSIGN, Leibovich and UISS models in our cohort were 0.763-0.781, 0.725-0.752 and 0.641-0.660, respectively. The chromophobe RCC subgroup was relative better based on predictive value of prognosis models(c-index of UISS of 0.670-0.781, SSIGN and Leibovich of 0.733-0.903). Conclusions:In Asian RCC population, prognosis of chromophobe RCC is best, clear cell RCC is slightly better than papillary RCC, and the prognosis of other types of RCC is the worst. Concordance index of SSIGN and Leibovich in our cohort were higher than that of UISS, and the use value for predictive model was better in the chromophobe RCC subgroup.

In theory of TCM, the root cause of knee osteoarthritis () is the deficiency of liver and kidney, while the symptoms are involved with multiple damages of muscles, tendons and joints. The exogenous evil of wind, coldness, dampness and heat as well as the blood stasis usually block the meridians and collaterals, which cause the knee osteoarthritis. Professorselects acupoints based on syndrome differentiation, and treats both root cause and symptoms. He attaches importance to thepoints, and takes pain as acupoints. He also treats the lower part of body using the upper acupoints, and treats knees through stimulating the low back. The basic acupoints include the affected Dubi (ST 35), Yinlingquan (SP 9), Yanglingquan (GB 34), Liangqiu (ST 34), Xuehai (SP 10),point (extral) andpoint in the knees and waist. Fengchi (GB 20) and Geshu (BL 17) are added for the symptom of wind; Guanyuan (CV 4) is added for the symptom of coldness; Zusanli (ST 36) is added for the symptom of dampness; Quchi (LI 11) is added for the symptom of heat; Fenglong (ST 40) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6) are added for the symptom of phlegm-stasis; Ganshu (BL 18) and Shenshu (BL 23) are added for the deficiency of the liver and kidney. The technical combination of acupuncture, including needle-knife, fire needle, bloodletting, regular acupuncture, TDP, are applied to regulate the patients' deficiency and excess using the nine-six reinforcing and reducing methods, and pay high attention to the mind regulation. Using this method, the efficacy is significant.

The paper is a systematic review on the efficacy of acupuncture manipulation on primary dysmenorrhea. Ten medical literatures database at home and abroad were retrieved, including CNKI, VIP, CBM, WANFANG, MEDLINE, Cochrane, CENTRAL, CINAHL PLUS, EMBASE, AMED and PsycINFO, as well as 6 clinical trial registration platforms. All of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on primary dysmenorrhea treated with different acupuncture manipulations were collected. The data were extracted by two persons. Finally, RevMa 5.3 software was used for statistical analysis. Totally, 5 148 pieces of literature were retrieved and 8 pieces on RCTs were screened with 644 cases included. According to the results of statistical analysis on the total effective rate and other indicators of pain degree, it was showed that the effects of the manipulation with filiform needle, deep puncture with strong stimulation, and specific reinforcing and reducing needling technique were better than those without manipulation applied or with shallow puncture and weak stimulation and even needling technique in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It is believed initially that acupuncture manipulation contributes to the improvement of the therapeutic effects of primary dysmenorrheal, but much higher quality studies are required for the further confirmation. Protocol registration number:PROSPERO:CRD42016038515.

OBJECTIVEThe research regarding the central mechanism of acupuncture (arrival of ) based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in recent 10 years was analyzed to summarize existing research achievements and experience.

METHODSThe literature regarding fMRI-based research published from January of 2007 through December of 2016 in CNKI and PubMed databases was collected. The research content and methods, including research design, inclusion criteria, acupoint selection and evaluation, were analyzed.

RESULTSTotally 18 articles regarding the central mechanism of acupuncture based on fMRI was included. According to research content, the literature was divided into two categories: research and sensation research. In research, the differences of and not on brain functional activity were compared to summarize the central response pattern of ; in sensation research, the differences of different sensations and intensities of on central response were compared to explore the effects of different sensations and intensities of on brain functional activity. In recent 10 years, the number of research gradually increased, and the type of design was various, mainly RCT and paired design. The majority of participants was healthy people, and single acupoint was the focus of researches, including Zusanli (ST 36), Waiguan (TE 5), Hegu (LI 4), etc. The evaluation of was based on visual analogue scale (VAS). The research contents were mainly the effects of and not and different sensations on brain function activities. The present studies confirmed that and not as well as different sensations had different impacts on brain functional effects, and different acupoints had specific activated brain areas. There was a positive correlation between the degree of and the intensity of the activation of brain regions. Furthermore, tingling sensation was not included to sensations.

CONCLUSIONThe number and quality of fMRI-based research need to be improved; the research content is simple, and research method is in exploratory stage. The results obtained in the literature are the phenomena of in the central level, and it is imperative to summarize the essential link between and the central effect through these phenomena to reveal the mechanism of . The specific impact of for brain function needs more clinical exploration.