During 1920-30s,under the push of Kuomintang,Communist Party and social personage,the Chinese village launched a cooperation movement. Although they failed to renew rural areas in China,the farmer autonomy spirit, policy practicality,the educational principles,and the spirit of evidence-based demonstration research embodied in the movement still have an enlightening significance to the construction of the new rural cooperative healthcare system and construction of new-type villages.

China ; Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Occupational Diseases ; diagnosis

Amartya Sen's capabilities approach was deeply favored by academic comnmunity since developed.Martha Nussbaum had made great contribution on the implementation of capabilities approach.The capabilities approach was emphasized and analyzed by many foreign health econometrists,which had great value of application in health field.It briefly discussed the development of capabilities theories and described the application of capabilities approach in health economics.

The new rural cooperative medical system(NRCMS)has been promote quickly and successfully all over the rural areas in China,and has achieved a comprehensive coverage.However,in the process of the NRCMS emerged certain issues going against the principles of ethics.Therefore,this paper attempts to analyze current abnormal ethical issues and identify relevant countermeasures,aiming to promote the performance of the NRCMS.

Objective:To investigate association between genetic polymorphism in the grainyhead-like 2 gene (GRHL2)and noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL)in the Chinese population.Methods:A matched case-control association study was employed,In which,3 790 workers exposed to continuous and steady-state occupational noise in a steel factory participated.The questionnaires were adopted to col-lect individual features and audiometry tests performed.In the sstudy,286 subjects were diagnosed as ca-ses,Which were each designated on the basis of the matched criterion,and 286 paired samples were se-lected finally.Noise intensity was measured according to the standards given in ‘Measurement of Noise in the Workplace’(Occupational Health Standard of the People’s Republic of China,GBZ /T1 89.8 -2007).Cumulative noise exposure (CNE)was calculated,according to monitoring data on A-weighed sound pressure level and employment time.Genomic DNA was obtained from peripheral blood samples using 2 mL DNA extraction Kit following the manufacturer’s protocol.Five single nucleotide polymor-phisms (SNPs)of GRHL2 were genotyped by multiplex SNP genotyping kit.The continuous variables and categorical variables were analyzed by t-test and chi-square test respectively.Multivariate Logistic re-gression was used to test the association between genetic frequency and disease status,with adjustments for the possible confounding variables.The haplotypes were established and their frequencies in the two groups were assessed by haploview and phase softwares.Results:All the five SNPs (rs373571 3, rs3824090,rs373571 4,rs373571 5 and rs61 1 41 9)were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE)(P >0.05).The subjects carrying rs373571 5 GG genotype had a higher NIHL risk than those carrying the GA genotype under the co-dominant model (OR =0.644,95% CI:0.442 -0.939,P =0.022)after ad-justment for height,blood pressure,drinking status and smoking status.After being stratified by CNE,in the CNE ≥ 98 dB (A)group,rs373571 5 polymorphism was associated with the NIHL under the co-dominant model (OR =0.509,95% CI:0.281 -0.923,P =0.026)after adjustment for height,blood pressure,drinking status and smoking status as well.However,no statistical significant difference was found in variant genotypes of the other SNPs between the case and control subjects.Four-locus (rs373571 3,rs3824090,rs373571 4 and rs373571 5)haplotypes were constructed,and no risk or protec-tive haplotypes was identified.Conclusion:It is suggested that GRHL2 polymorphisms may be associated with development of NIHL.

Based on health related theory of political economy,the discussion was carried out by combining theoretical research with literature analysis to explore Marx's methodology of political economy of health and its comtemporory implications.Marx applied the world outlook and methodology of dialectical and historical materialism and found out the essence of health and health care in capitalist society.His methodology of political economy of health contains the characteristics of totality and coherence,which is the organic synthesis of the two,It has important implications for the development of political economy of health in the new era.

Based on health related theory of political economy,the discussion was carried out by combining theoretical research with literature analysis to explore Marx's methodology of political economy of health and its comtemporory implications.Marx applied the world outlook and methodology of dialectical and historical materialism and found out the essence of health and health care in capitalist society.His methodology of political economy of health contains the characteristics of totality and coherence,which is the organic synthesis of the two,It has important implications for the development of political economy of health in the new era.

Based on health related theory of political economy,the discussion was carried out by combining theoretical research with literature analysis to explore Marx's methodology of political economy of health and its comtemporory implications.Marx applied the world outlook and methodology of dialectical and historical materialism and found out the essence of health and health care in capitalist society.His methodology of political economy of health contains the characteristics of totality and coherence,which is the organic synthesis of the two,It has important implications for the development of political economy of health in the new era.

Based on health related theory of political economy,the discussion was carried out by combining theoretical research with literature analysis to explore Marx's methodology of political economy of health and its comtemporory implications.Marx applied the world outlook and methodology of dialectical and historical materialism and found out the essence of health and health care in capitalist society.His methodology of political economy of health contains the characteristics of totality and coherence,which is the organic synthesis of the two,It has important implications for the development of political economy of health in the new era.

Based on health related theory of political economy,the discussion was carried out by combining theoretical research with literature analysis to explore Marx's methodology of political economy of health and its comtemporory implications.Marx applied the world outlook and methodology of dialectical and historical materialism and found out the essence of health and health care in capitalist society.His methodology of political economy of health contains the characteristics of totality and coherence,which is the organic synthesis of the two,It has important implications for the development of political economy of health in the new era.