BACKGROUND: A large number of preclinical experimental data have shown that stem cells can regulate the immune function, and serve the function of cell replacement. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the anti-inflammatory effects of stem cells in the treatment of ischemic stroke, based on which, we further discuss the specific mechanisms. METHODS: We conducted a systematic and comprehensive search in PubMed, Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, Ovid, EBSCO databases. The range of retrieval time was from 2012 to 2017. The keywords were stem cells, stroke, inflammation, immune. Totally 110 articles were retrieved initially, and 47 articles were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: By reading extensive literature, we analyzed and summarized the research status quo of the anti-inflammatory effects of neural stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial cells in the treatment of ischemic stroke. The mechanisms mainly include reducing focal inflammation, immune regulation, promoting the secretion of various neurotrophic factors, reducing secondary cell death, protecting neurons and promoting cell function recovery and further promoting the recovery of nerve function. The mechanisms underlying local immune regulation and anti-inflammatory effects of stem cells are mainly described as the shift from M1 to M2 macrophages under the intervention of stem cell factors, to intervene secreted immune cytokine profiles and exert effects on inhibition and polarization of glial cells. Further investigation is required on the anti-inflammatory effects and immune regulation of stem cell therapy for stroke.

AIM:To explore the safety of anesthesia for neonates by studying the effects of general anesthesia (GA) and spinal-epidural anesthesia (SA) on the levels of lactic acid, S100B, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malond-ialdehyde ( MDA) in the umbilical cord blood and placental stereological changes .METHODS:The singleton , term preg-nancy of 50 patients for elective cesarean section were assigned to 2 groups:GA group and SA group , with 25 patients in each group.Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) of the parturient women were monitored and recorded at 6 time points.The Apgar score was calculated at 1 min and 5 min after birth.The gas analysis of the umbilical artery blood , S100B protein concentration, blood lactic acid, SOD and MDA were also measured .Stereological evaluation of the vascular adaptations in the human placental villous capillary was performed .RESULTS:BP, HR, Apgar scores, gas analysis, the pH value of the umbilical artery blood , the serum concentrations of S 100B protein and the length density of villous capillar-ies had no significant change between the 2 groups (P>0.05).The levels of blood lactic acid and SOD in GA group were significantly lower than those in SA group (P<0.01).MDA content and volume density of villous capillaries in GA group were significantly higher than those in SA group ( P<0.01 ) .CONCLUSION: General anesthesia for cesarean section was safety for neonates .However, as indicated by the oxidation index , general anesthesia may have some harmful effect on the neonates by oxygen free radicals .

Sulconazole has been reported to degrade into sulconazole sulfoxide via sulfur oxidation; however, structural characterization data was lacking and the potential formation of an N-oxide or sulfone could not be excluded. To clarify the degradation pathways and incorporate the impurity profile of sulconazole into the United States Pharmacopeia–National Formulary (USP–NF) monographs, a multifaceted approach was utilized to confirm the identity of the degradant. The approach combines stress testing of sulco-nazole nitrate, chemical synthesis of the degradant via a hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidation reaction, semi-preparative HPLC purification, and structural elucidation by LC―MS/MS and NMR spectroscopy. Structural determination was primarily based on the comparison of spectroscopic data of sulconazole and the oxidative degradant. The mass spectrometric data have revealed a McLafferty-type rearrange-ment as the characteristic fragmentation pathway for alkyl sulfoxides with aβ-hydrogen atom, and was used to distinguish the sulfoxide from N-oxide or sulfone derivatives. Moreover, the generated sulco-nazole sulfoxide was utilized as reference material for compendial procedure development and valida-tion, which provides support for USP monograph modernization.