Integrins are a family of cell surface glycoproteins that contribute to a variety of biological functions, including cell growth, migration, proliferation and morphology. In addition, integrins also play the important roles in pathological process. Several viruses have been showed to use integrins as receptors or co-receptors to infect host cells.This article mainly reviews the progress on integrins and their roles in FMDV infection.

Receptors are primary determinant of viral tropism and disease pathogenesis.Heparan sulfates (HS)are ubiquitous,polyanionic carbohydrate chains linked to core proteins in cell membranes and ex- tracellular matrices of all eukaryotes.HS have also been demonstrated to function as receptors or co-receptors for a number of different viruses.To date,HS and four RGD-dependent integrins,?v?3,?v?6, ?v?1,and?v?8 have been reported to serve as receptors for Foot-and-mouth disease virus(FMDV).Different receptors may be used to interact with host cells during FMDV infection.Studies on the structure and function of receptors are very important for understanding the interaction between host cells and FMDV. Here,We mainly reviews the progress on the biological characteristics of HS and its roles in FMDV infection.

Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification(NASBA) is a sensitive,isothermal,transcription-based amplification system specifically designed for the detection of RNA targets,which could amplify templete RNA in 2h under isothermal condition at about 42?C and without any special equipment.NASBA is now widely applicated in diagnosis of many pathogenic microorganism.It is mainly about principles and applications of NASBA in viral diagnosis.

Receptors play a crucial role in determining the host specificity and tissue tropism of virus. Foot-and-mouth disease virus(FMDV)has been showed to use four integrins, ?v?1, ?v?3, ?v?6 and ?v?8 as receptors to initiate infection and ?v?6 functions as the major receptor.The cDNA encoding bactrian camel integrin ?6 from the lung tissue was cloned and sequenced. The 2367bp cDNA of bactrian camel integrin ?6 encodes a polypeptide of 788 amino acids consisting of a 26-residue putative signal peptide, a 681-residue ectodomain with 8 potential N-linked glycosylation sites and 58 cysteine residues, a 29-residue transmembrane domain, and a 52-residue cytoplasmic domain with a NPLY motif and 1 potential N-linked glycosylation site. The nucleotide sequence similarity of integrin ?6 between bactrian camel and cattle, pig, sheep, human, mouse, Norway rat is 91.1%、91.8%、90.6%、90.5%、83.7%、84.1%, and the amino acid sequence similarity is 94.3%、93.4%、93.4%、93.7%、88.7%、88.6%, respectively. The bactrian camel ?6 gene exhibited the higher sequence homology with the ?6 gene of cattle, pig and sheep, indicating their close genetic relationships. It is possible that host tropism of FMDV may related to divergence in ?6 receptors among different species.

In order to study the roles of integrin beta6 in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus infection, pig integrin beta6 was firstly molecularly cloned from RNA of the tongue and lung of recovered pig infected experimentally with foot-and-mouth-disease virus (FMDV), and was compared with the beta6 gene of other animals available in GenBank at nucleotide and amino acid leves. GeneBank association number of the beta6 gene is EF432729. Pig integrin beta6 gene (2367bp) encodes a polypeptide of 788 amino acids consisting of 9 potential N-linked glycosylation sites, 3 Glycosaminoglycan attachment sites, a cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site, 10 Protein kinase C phosphorylation sites, 2 EGF-like domains and 2 cysteine-rich regions. Pig integrin beta6 subunit has a 26-residue putative signal peptide, a 681-residue ectodomain, a 29-residue transmembrane domain, and a 52-residue cytoplasmic domain. 11 mutant nucleotides were found in beta6 gene coding region and 9 amino acids were changed. The nucleotide sequence similarity of integrin beta6 gene between rheses monkey, mouse, Norway rat, dog, guinea pig, human, bovine, sheep is 79.5%, 84.9%, 85.4%, 85.2%, 88.7%, 90.1%, 91.9% and 91.9%, and the amino acid sequence similarity is 93.5%, 88.2%, 88.5%, 88.3%, 91.0%, 92.8%, 93.3% and 93.4% respectively. This study will lay a foundation for understanding the interactions of FMDV with receptors.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus ; pathogenicity ; Integrin beta Chains ; genetics ; metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Receptors, Virus ; genetics ; metabolism ; Sequence Analysis ; Swine ; genetics

BACKGROUNDLaparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty with less trauma than open surgery is commonly performed for ureteropelvic junction obstruction despite a longer operating time and a long learning curve. We describe in this paper a new technique, which combines laparoscopic and open procedure in dismembered pyeloplasty, that we have developed in 51 patients and achieved excellent results.

METHODSThe surgical procedure can be divided into two steps: laparoscopic dissection of the renal pelvis and proximal ureter transperitoneally; then accomplishing the pyeloplasty through the extended port incision above the ureteropelvic junction as in open surgery.

RESULTSAll 51 operations were successful without conversion to open surgery. No intraoperative complications were observed. The operating time was 40 minutes to 90 minutes with an average of 57.5 minutes. The estimated blood loss was 15 ml to 30 ml with an average of 21.2 ml. Aberrant artery vessel and primary stricture as the cause of ureteropelvic junction obstruction was noted in 2 and 49 patients, respectively. Thirty-nine patients had fever to differing extents in the 4 days postoperation and no severe infection was observed. Four patients had urinary leakage with their drains being retained for 6 days, 6 days, 5 days or 8 days after the operation. The mean followup was 10.8 months (range 3 months to 36 months). The followup showed good results with symptom resolution in all the patients. Renal ultrasonography demonstrated that the average separation of the collecting systems decreased from preoperative 2.7 cm (range 2.0 cm to 4.7 cm) to postoperative 1.5 cm (range 1.0 cm to 2.3 cm). Excretory urography at 3 months postoperatively showed improved drainage. Of the 51 patients, 35 underwent two or more excretory urograms, demonstrating stable renal function, improved drainage and no evidence of recurrent obstruction. At the last followup visit, each patient was doing well.

CONCLUSIONSCombination of laparoscopic and open procedure in dismembered pyeloplasty offers a simpler, timesaving method in a minimally invasive fashion with low morbidity for patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Ensuring quality of repair, the method provides a minimally invasive alternative with good results. It is worth future clinical application.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Pelvis ; surgery ; Laparoscopy ; methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ureteral Obstruction ; surgery ; Urologic Surgical Procedures ; methods

Receptors play a crucial role in determining the pathogenesis and tissue tropism of virus. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has been showed to use four integrins, alphavbeta1, alphavbeta3, alphavbeta6 and alphavbeta8 as receptors to initiate infection. In this study, the porcine integrin alphav gene was cloned by RT-PCR from the lung tissue of healed pig infected experimently with FMDV, and compared its nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence with the av gene of other animals. The 3141bp cDNA of bovine integrin alphav encodes a polypeptide of 1046 amino acids consisting of a 30-residue putative signal peptide, a 955-residue ectodomain, a 29-residue transmembrane domain, and a 32-residue cytoplasmic domain. The ectodomain contains 11 potential N-linked glycosylation sites (NXT/NXS), 2 calcium binding domains (DX[D/N] XDGXXD) and 18 cysteine residues. The nucleotide sequence similarities of integrin alphav between pig and cattle, human, rheses monkey, house mouse, chicken, dog are 93.3%, 91.5%, 91.4%, 85.6%, 73.2% and 89.9% respectively; and the amino acid sequence similarities are 96.3%, 94.6%, 94.1%, 90.8%, 81.6% and 93.8%, respectively. The alphav gene of cattle and pig exhibited the highest sequence homology. It is possible that host tropism of FMDV may related to divergence in receptors among different species.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cattle ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; genetics ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus ; physiology ; Integrin alphaV ; genetics ; Macaca mulatta ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Receptors, Virus ; genetics ; metabolism ; Sequence Analysis ; Swine ; genetics

Objective To explore whether there are gene mutations of Tolloid-like 1 ( TLL-1 ) gene in Chinese patients with sporadic congenital heart disease (CHD).Methods One hundred and fifteen patients with sporadic CHD were selected as CHD group.One hundred and two age and gender-matched healthy people were recruited as control group.After amplifying the exon 10 of the TLL-1 gene by polymerase chain reaction,the polymerase chain reaction products were purified,sequenced and analyzed in order to investigate the TLL-1 gene mutation.Results An insertion mutation of base A in the exon 10 of TLL-1 gene was identified in 7 out of 115 CHD patients,including 3 patients with atrial septal defect,2 patients with ventricular septal defect,1 patients with patent ductus arteriosus and 1 patients with complex CHD,the total mutation rate was 6.1％ in CHD group and 0 in control group ( P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusions TLL-1 gene mutation with an insertion mutation of base A in exon 10 is often in Chinese patients with various CHD.The underlying pathogenesis between TLL-1 gene mutation and occurrence of congenital heart disease in Chinese people remains unclear and warrants further investigations.

Objective To evaluate the application of epiglottis plus sternohyoid muscle flap in the surgery for laryngeal cancer.Methods Fifty patients with glottis cancer underwent partial laryngectomy and the postoperative laryngeal defects were reconstructed by epiglottis plus sternohyoid muscle flaps. TNM stages:T2N0M0 23 cases,T3N1M0 14 cases,and T3N2M0 13 cases.All patients received postoperative radical radiotherapy with average dosage of 60 Gy.The patients were followed up for 3 to 5 years,median was 4.2 years.Results The three- and five-year survival rates were 90％ and 80％ respectively. Most cases were with good swallowing,voice and breath functions.The decannulation rate was 96％.Conclusion Epiglottis plus sternohyoid muscle flap is an opitional technique for the reconstruction of laryngeal functions after partial laryngectomy.