1.Gastric cancer: the current status and risk factors
Ganchimeg D ; Nasanjargal T ; Tegshjargal B ; Bayar D ; Bolor-Erdene T ; Batbold B ; Otgonbayar I ; Sodnomtsogt L ; Tulgaa L
Mongolian Medical Sciences 2018;186(4):68-74
Gastric cancer has been and still considered one of the most common causes of cancer-related mortality
and it continues to be a major public health issue. The incidence and mortality of gastric cancer in Mongolia is the highest in the world. For this reason, this paper provides the information about current status of gastric cancer in Mongolia in the first section. Morbidity and mortality of gastric cancer increased steadily during the last decade. In the second section we overview the most important factors that can accelerate the risk of gastric cancer. Evidence from case-control, cohort studies and meta-analysis have suggested that the risk of gastric cancer is related to several factors including genetics, Helicobacter pylori, other factors related to the environment and lifestyle. Risk factors could have different effects on the onset and the evolution of gastric cancer.
2.Measuring serum pepsinogen level for screening early stage of gastric cancer
Dashmaa A ; Chinzorig M ; Erkhembayar E ; Nasanjargal T ; Bayar D ; Ganchimeg D ; Batbold B ; Tulgaa L ; Erkhembulgan P
Mongolian Medical Sciences 2018;186(4):86-92
Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. About half of the incidence of stomach
cancer has been reported in East Asian countries. In Mongolia, gastric cancer is the second most common cancer in males and the third most common in females. The age-standardized mortality rate for gastric cancer was 29.3 per 100,000 in 2016, ranking second after liver cancer. Pepsinogen (PG) is a proenzyme of pepsin, by chief and mucous neck cells in the gastric mucosa. On the basis of the source of secretion, PGs are subdivided into 2 types: PG I and II. PG I is only secreted from the fundic glands in the corpus of the stomach, whereas PG II is secreted from the corpus, as well as the pyloric glands in the antrum and proximal duodenum. PG is excreted mainly into the stomach lumen, but approximately 1% diffuses into the blood stream. Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia are well-known risk factors for gastric neoplasms including dysplasia. To identify these premalignant gastric conditions, histological biopsy or image-enhanced endoscopy is performed. Gastric cancer is usually preceded by a decades-long precancerous process driven by Helicobacter pylori infection and environmental conditions with well-defined successive lesions. In the advanced stages, they are characterized by glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. These changes involve loss of the original glands and result in decrease of the mass of chief cells of the gastric corpus, where PGI is produced. Loss of chief cells leads to lower PGI levels and PGI/PGII ratio in the peripheral blood. Serum PG levels are therefore a key tool to be used in screening programs. Serum PG measurements could provide a simple and noninvasive method for screening gastric neoplasms.
3.The effect of nutrition risk factors for esophageal and gastric cancer
Enkhmyagmar D ; Tulgaa L ; Nasanjargal T ; Batbold B ; Ganchimeg D ; Tegshjargal B ; Bolor-Erdene T ; Bayar D ; Erkhembayar E ; Chinzorig M ; Dashmaa A ; Tsegmed S
Mongolian Medical Sciences 2019;187(1):80-86
Gastric and esophageal cancer is a significant global health issue. The epidemiology of these tumors has significantly increased over the past several years especially in developing and developed countries. Many dietary exposures have been proposed to protect against or increase risk for esophageal and gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including poor diets, foods, individual nutrients, methods of food preparation, and habits of consumption. Overweight/obese status is associated with an increased risk for many cancer types such as esophageal, gallbladder, kidney, pancreatic and
gastric cancer. The association between obesity and cancer is strong. Nowadays there is a recognized decrease in incidence and mortality of distal gastric cancer and an increase in incidence and mortality of proximal esophageal cancer. In Mongolia, gastric cancer is the second most common cancer in males and the third most common in females. It is very important to understand how diet and nutrition affect to gastric and esophageal cancers. In this review we will discuss the effect of diet in locally advanced gastro-esophageal cancer. Although we tried to conclude all published articles about gastric and esophageal cancers in Mongolia.
In this survey, is considered dietary risks into 5 groups as following;
• Insufficient nutrition education(don’t know food and nutrients significance and food hygiene, don’t know right consumption of food)
• Bad habits (hot tea and meals, salty tea and food, low consumption of fruits and vegetables, sometimes eating breakfast, most of daily energy of food in the night, high amount of sugar, a drink of caffeine, overweight and etc.)
• Food processing technology (such as overcooking, pickling, preserving, frying, excessive salt in tea fried and etc).
• Chemical contaminants in food products (various inorganic fertilizers, heavy metals and etc.)
• Household economic capacity is influencing
Diet can be used as a tool to evoke the positive/desirable biological responses of an organism aiming to maximize health and protection against diseases (chronic/non-communicable diseasesparticularly cancer) by mostly means of prevention.
4.Involvement of Vitamin D in Immune system
Baljinnyam T ; Batchimeg B ; Zolzaya D ; Ganchimeg D ; Lkhaasuren N ; Oyungerel G ; Munkhtsetseg B ; Khaliun M ; Khulan U ; Bilguun E ; Batkhishig M ; Tulgaa L ; Bilegtsaikhan Ts ; Munkhbayar S ; Munkhtuvshin N ; Munkhbat B
Mongolian Medical Sciences 2020;192(2):51-59
Research of function of vitamin D on immune system has been studying since the study revealed
that vitamin D receptor is expressed on the surface of the immune cells. 1,2-dihydroxyvitamin
D3 [1,25(OH)2D], physiologically active form, can be generated through hydroxylation of
25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D], inactive form of vitamin D, in a liver, connecting with specific VDR
make biological action. Vitamin D make different biological actions depends on connecting with
different immunological cells. Some studies indicated that Vitamin D plays pivotal role in antibacterial
innate immune responses through regulating reaction of the main cells as macrophages and dendritic
cells. Moreover, calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, is connected with VDRE, modulates the innate
immune response through directly inducing expression of catelicithin and β-defensin as antimicrobial
peptides, reducing secretion of IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-a, RANKL, COX-2 as proinflammatory cytokines and
increasing production of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Vitamin D plays in proliferation and
differentiation of T and B cells and regulates the activities of over 500 genes. Vitamin D differently
impacts on per se stages of T cells’ proliferation. Vitamin D indirectly mitigates the differentiation from
immature B cells to plasma B cells while it directly impacts on regulation of overloaded production of
antibodies in plasma B cells. In conclusion, vitamin D modulates the innate- and adaptive immune
response through regulation on activation of APCells, proliferation and differentiation of immune cells,
secretion of some antibacterial peptides.
5.The association of testosterone deficiency and risk factors of coronary heart disease in men
Saruuljavkhlan B ; Sodgerel B ; Pilmaa Yo ; Galsumiya L ; Purevsuren D ; Nandin-Erdene B ; Bayaraa T ; Badamsed Ts ; Damdinsuren Ts
Mongolian Medical Sciences 2018;186(4):31-35
Introduction:
Coronary atherosclerosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Hypogonadism is not considered a traditional risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Higher CVD mortality may be partially attributed to behavioral and physical characteristics of males, including increased smoking, drinking, endocrine and metabolic factor like fat distribution, and low male engagement in preventive care. In the last decades, many studies have suggested that low testosterone levels are associated with increased prevalence of risk factors for CVD, including dyslipidemia and diabetes. For the reason, this research focused on identifying any association between testosterone deficiency and risk factors of coronary heart disease.
Goal:
This study aimed to identify any association between testosterone deficiency and risk factors of coronary heart disease in Mongolian men.
Material and methods:
In this case control study, we determined plasma total testosterone, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, apolipoprotein – ApoA1, Apo B and glucose in 287 subjects, among them 125 patients with ACS and 162 healthy subjects. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 of IBM.
Results:
Mean age of the participants was 55.19±6.99 years old. It was found that, mean plasma TT levels in patients with ACS (4.17 ng/ml) was significantly lower than in the healthy subjects (4.70 ng/ml). There was a negative association between plasma TT level and glucose level (r=-0.185; p=0.002) and ApoB/ApoA1 (r=-0.132, p=0.026).
Conclusion
The results in the present study suggest that low plasma TT level may be a risk factor for CHD in men, which may relate to the influence of plasma lipoprotein and glucose metabolism by endogenous testosterone.
6.Biography of Mongolian and Tibetan Scholars who Created Sutra about Ear Vein Reading
Ulaan-Od K ; Shagdarsuren D ; Bold Sh
Mongolian Medical Sciences 2018;185(3):108-112
The “Oral Instruction Tantra” of the “Four Medical Tantras” divides diseases in children into 4
parts: causes, condition, categories, and symptoms. The diseases are proven with inquiries and
examination by touching and looking. The most interesting type of examination is considered to
be touching, which the main part is pulse-feeling. However, pulse feeling of children in traditional
medicine is different from that of adults.
The general diagnostic method of traditional medicine consists of 3 parts: pulse reading, visual
diagnosis (tongue and urine), hearing, and investigation. The diagnostic method of pediatrics in
traditional medicine is based on the general method but different in some ways in consistence with
the classification of diseases in children.
The following conclusions are being made from the study. The basis of a pediatrics in Mongolia
established when Mongolians began to learn the “Four Medical Tantras” of Indian Ayurvedic
medicine in Sanskrit.
Since then, Mongolian doctors and scientists have created many works based on the books of
Indian and Tibetan medicine scholars. Among them, there are several books about method of ear
vein reading written by Mongolian doctors and scholars.
This is confirmed by this study. In addition to our study, it is also important for biographies of people
who have been involved in the creation of the traditional knowledge including traditional medicine.
7.Identifying the Diagnostic Method of Children›s Illness in the Sutra of “Ngo mtshardga› stongtermdzod”
Ulaan-Od Kh ; Shagdarsuren D ; Bold Sh
Mongolian Medical Sciences 2019;187(1):57-59
Choijamts,the Buddhist image-maker and gelon of the Niislel Khuree (Capital Camp), lived during the last period of the 19th and early 20th centuries. He wrote a book “Gsorig zhungmangbsduspa›ibdudrtsi›isnyingpotshagrangzug rnguselba›ingomtshardga› stongtermdzodzhesbyababzhugs so” in short ngomtshardga› stongtermdzod. This is the comprehensive book about Traditional Mongolian medicine in Tibetan language and written by Mongolian scholar. In his book, the general diagnostic methods of traditional medicine consists of 3 parts: interrogation, pulse diagnosis, and analyzing patient’s urine. The diagnostic method in pediatrics in traditional medicine is based on the general method but different in some ways in consistence with the classification of diseases in children. For instance, there are 3 diagnostic methods in “Ngo mtshardga› stongtermdzod” are as follows:
1. Inquire the symptoms of children from parents and examine the children’s faces
2. Research the method of examining ear veins, identify its scientific nature, and open up possibility to use it in training
3. Define the content and characteristics of methods of examining hot and cold quality of child’s ear by touching, and checking color and shape of veins and include these in curriculum of universities that offers traditional medicine program.
There are a number of interesting approaches to the diagnostic of children›s illnesses in the scope of the Sutra of “Ngo mtshardga› stongtermdzod”. In the future, there is a need for detailed study of each of these methods and input it into the curriculum,and teaching for medical students are essential.
8.The effects of Particulate matter (PМ2.5) pollutants on cancer cells in in vitro model
Baljinnyam T ; Bilguun E ; Batchimeg B ; Zolzaya D ; Lkhaasuren N ; Oyungerel G ; Munkhtsetseg B ; Khaliun M ; Khulan U ; Batkhishig M ; Uranbileg U ; Sonomdagva Ch ; Bilegtsaikhan Ts ; Munkhbayar S ; Munkhtuvshin N ; Erkhembulgan P
Mongolian Medical Sciences 2021;197(3):17-25
Introduction:
Air pollution has become one of the major problems in socio-economic and health
issues in Mongolia. Among the various hazards of particulate matter (PM) pollutants, microorganisms
in PM2.5 and PM10 are thought to be responsible for various allergies and for the spread of respiratory
diseases. Recent studies have shown that PM2.5 particles can cause chronic heart failure, heart
arrhythmias, and strokes, as well as lung damage, cirrhosis, inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular
disease, and metabolic disorders. Furthermore, some studies have concluded that PM2.5 particles
in the environment are a risk factor for gastrointestinal, liver, colon, and lung cancer as well as it
affects the growth and metastasis of various cancer cells caused by other factors. In our country, the
health effects of air pollution and the relationship between the pathogenesis of cancer research are
scarce. Therefore, the study of the effects of PM2.5 particles on cancer cell proliferation, migration
(metastasis) can provide a significant role for cancer treatment, diagnosis, and prevention.
Purpose:
Determining the effects of PM2.5 particles on cancer cell proliferation, migration (metastasis)
in in-vitro
Material and Methods:
A human liver cancer cell line (HepG2), human gastric cancer cell line (AGS)
were obtained from the central scientific research laboratory in the Institute of medical sciences.
HepG2, AGS cells were seeded at a concentration of 1*105 cells/mL in a culture flask and cultured
in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% antibiotic mix (penicillin, streptomycin) in a
humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 °C. The cytotoxic effect of PM 2.5 in AGS, HepG2 cells were
evaluated by MTT, CCK8 assays. AGS, HepG2 cells were incubated in 96 well plates for 24h then
treated with different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg ) of Bayankhoshuu, Buhiin urguu,
and Zaisan samples for 24h, respectively.
Results:
Concentrations of 10, 25, and 50 μg/ml of samples collected from the Bukhiin urguu and
Zaisan in March increased HepG2 cell growth, while doses of 25, 50 μg/ml of samples collected from
Bayankhoshuu in March and December increased HepG2 cell growth. Therefore, concentrations of
25 and 50 μg/ml of samples collected from Bayankhoshuu in March increased AGS cell growth, while concentrations of 25, 100 and μg/ml of samples collected in December increased AGS cell growth.
However, no cytotoxic effect was observed in the sample collected from Zaisan in March, whereas
the PM2.5 sample enhanced AGS cell growth in dose dependent manner in December.(p <0.05)
Conclusion
High levels of heavy metals were detected in samples collected in December from
Bayankhoshuu, Bukhiin urguu and Zaisan of Ulaanbaatar. Concentration of 25 μg/ml of samples
collected from the Bukhiin urguu and Zaisan in March increased HepG2 cell growth. Concentrations
of 25 μg/ml of PM2.5 collected from three regions around Ulaanbaatar increased HepG2 and AGS
cell migration.
9.Risk factors for ischemic stroke among Mongolian population
Gansuvd O ; Chimeglham B ; Oyungerel B ; Punsaldulam B ; Khandsuren B ; Sarantsetseg T ; Bolormaa D ; Erdenechimeg Ya ; Munkhbat B ; Baasanjav D
Mongolian Medical Sciences 2018;186(4):23-30
Background:
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, especially in low-income and middle-income countries and it impacts a tremendous medical, emotional and fiscal burden on society. Due to advances in Western healthcare, the prevalence of stroke since 1970 has decreased by 42%, whereas it has more than doubled in low-income to middle-income countries.
Stroke is a heterogeneous, multifactorial disease regulated by modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors. Approximately 80% of stroke events could be prevented by making simple lifestyle modifications. In fact, nationwide characterization of well-known stroke factors in all social backgrounds is essential, however; populations can differ significantly not only in their socio-behavioral, legal, and geographical conditions, but also from other, historically understudied. Therefore, it is crucial to determine characterization of risk factors for ischemic stroke among Mongolian population.
Objective:
To determine etiology and risk factors for ischemic stroke among Mongolian population
Material and methods:
Our study was conducted by case-control study design. Cases were patients with acute first stroke; controls were matched with cases, recruited in a 1.2:1 ratio, for age and sex. The case series study was conducted in Stroke center of Third State Central hospital from January 2017 to December 2017. Structured questionnaires were administered and physical examinations were done in the same manner in cases and controls. Self-reported history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus or blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg and blood sugar 6.4 mmol/L or higher was used to hypertension
and diabetes mellitus, respectively. Smoking status was defined as never, former, or current smoker. Alcohol use was categorized into never or former, low intake, moderate intake, and high or episodic heavy intake. Atrial fibrillation was based on previous history, review of baseline electrocardiograph results (for cases and controls). Odds ratios (OR) and logistic regression were calculated, with 95% confidence intervals.
Results:
In total, 173 patients with ischemic stroke and 146 controls were included. The patients’ age ranged from 17 to 92, the mean age was 61.2. Ischemic stroke more frequent in man than women by 27.4%. Previous history of hypertension or blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or higher (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.48-3.88), diabetes mellitus (OR 3.08, 95% CI 1.44-6.57), hyperlipidemia (OR 5.09, 95% CI 2.64-9.82) atrial fibrillation (OR 8.70, 95% CI 2.01-37.64 ), current smoking (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.26-3.40), alcohol consumption (OR 4.75, 95% CI 2.58-8.73) were all significantly associated with ischemic stroke. The mean age was lower in patients with stroke of other determined etiology. The frequency of hypertension was higher in patients with lacunar infarct than other subtypes. Smoking was high frequent in patients with large artery atherosclerosis.
Conclusion
6 potentially modifiable risk factors were collectively associated with ischemic stroke and were different among ischemic stroke subtypes. The odds ratios of these risk factors are higher than other countries’ study.
10.Correlation between interleukin-4 and advanced fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients
Serjbayar G ; Bolor U ; Chia-Yen D ; Batbold B
Mongolian Medical Sciences 2021;197(3):26-32
Background:
Various cytokine dynamics has been associated with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV)
infection. We hypothesized that cytokines have an important role in fibrosis development in HCV
infection.
Methods:
All patients received liver biopsies to validate the severity of chronic hepatitis when enrolled
in this study. Fluorescent Bead immunoassay was used to measure the following serum cytokine
levels: Interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and
IL-12. Various statistical analyses were used as appropriate.
Results:
From all the liver biopsy proven 92 HCV-infected patients, 49 (53.3%) were male, 23 (25%)
patients had advanced (fibrosis grades 3-4) fibrosis, and the mean age of the study population was
51.9 ± 9.4 years. Elevation of baseline IL-4 level (>490 pg/mL) was associated with liver fibrosis grade
by X2 test (odds ratio [OR] = 2.99; 95%, CI = 1.02-8.78; p = 0.042) and multivariate logistic regression
(OR = 4.26; 95% CI = 1.13-16.02; p = 0.032). Also, IL-4 had strong diagnostic value in advanced liver
fibrosis by using area under receiver operating characteristics curve analysis. Assessment of fibrosis
score was consequently developed from our findings and compared with other noninvasive serum
markers to assess liver fibrosis.
Conclusion
This study provides evidence that increased IL-4 expression predicted advanced liver
fibrosis in treatment of HCV-infected patients.