Till now,the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease( IBD)is still not very clear. Some genetic risk loci have been identified that predispose people to IBD,however,they increase the risk of IBD by only a small magnitude. Therefore,environmental risk factors have been the focus of recent researches. This article reviewed the association of environmental factors( hygiene and dietary factors etc. ),especially childhood hygiene with IBD,and concluded that rural environment,higher number of siblings and having pets decreased the risk of IBD,while urban environment and small household size/sibship were risk factors for IBD. Currently,population-based study focusing on hygiene and IBD is deficient domestically,further epidemiological surveys are warranted to confirm their associations.

Objective To observe the in vitro damage to hairs by Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ), and to compare the differences in the duration needed for the two fungi to damage hairs in different age groups. Methods We collected healthy hairs from different age groups, and performed hair perforation test in vitro. The damage to the hairs was observed by SEM and light microscopy. Results Both T. mentagrophytes and M. canis could damage the hairs. The duration needed for T. mentagrophytes to damage the hairs was significantly shorter than that for M. canis in all age groups ( P

Objective To systematically compare the efficacy of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) versus intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa).Methods Clinical comparative studies of IMRT and 3D-CRT in the treatment of PCa were collected from PubMed, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang Data after two independent researchers developed the strategy and inclusion and exclusion criteria for the literature search.Articles published up to February 2017 were searched for, and the languages of publications were restricted to English and Chinese.Clinical meta-analysis of the data from the relevant studies was performed using the RevMan5.3 software.Results A total of 15 relevant retrospective cohort studies were collected from the databases in strict accordance to the search strategy and inclusion and excluding criteria.There were 4608 PCa patients, including 2229 in the IMRT group and 2379 in the 3D-CRT group.IMRT and 3D-CRT had similar adverse effects in terms of early-stage (odds ratio[OR]=0.77, 95% confidence interval[CI]:0.43-1.40, P=0.390) and late-stage (OR=0.75, 95%CI:0.55-1.04, P=0.080) urinary tract injury.However, IMRT led to reduced early-stage (OR=0.47, 95%CI:0.27-0.82, P=0.008) and late-stage (OR=0.52, 95%CI:0.35-0.78, P=0.001) intestinal injury compared with 3D-CRT.Meanwhile, the biochemical recurrence-free survival rate was also significantly higher in the IMRT group than in the 3D-CRT group (OR=1.87, 95%CI:1.51-2.32, P=0.000).Conclusions IMRT is more protective against intestinal injury with a higher biochemical recurrence-free survival rate compared with 3D-CRT during the treatment of PCa.

Objective To explore the diagnosis and management of functional pancreatic endocrine tumor.Methods Clinical data of 19 cases of functional pancreatic endocrine tumor were retrospectively analyzed.Results 15 cases of insulinoma,2 cases of gastrinoma and 2 cases of glucagonoma were qualitatively diagnosed.The positive rate of preoperative diagosis for type B ultrasonic inspection,CT,MRI,EUS,selective portovenous sampling and intraoperative type B ultrasonic inspection was 15.8％ (3/19),67.5％ (10/16),71.4％ (5/7),87.5％ (7/8),100％(2/2) and 85.7％(6/7) respectively.Of the total 19 cases,7 cases underwent open surgery,11 cases unde rwent laparoscopic surgery,and one case didn't undergo any surgery as liver metastasis had occurred when glucagonoma was diagnosed.The operation methods included tumor enucleation (n=13),distal pancreatic resection (n=3),distal pancreatic resection plus splenectomy (n=1),and pancreatic head resection with duodenum preserved (n=1).Conclusions The measurement of serum insulin,gastrin and glucagon is the main basis for qualitative diagonosis of pancreatic endocrine tumor.Two stage spinal CT thin scanning is the main method for tumor location.Intraoperative type B ultrasonic inspection is the supplement to preoperative location.Tumor enucleation is the main choice of treatment.

Objective To explore the effects of SLC concentration gradient on suppression of tumor immune escape. Methods According to different SLC concentration, there were six groups. The HLA-Ⅰexpression and apoptosis of MCF-7 were detected with FCM,and intracellular BCL-2 expression was analyzed by western blot. The production of TGF-? was detected with ELISA. Results In a certain range of concentration gradient, following SLC increase, HLA-Ⅰexpression level on MCF-7 was improved, and apoptosis was induced but BCL-2 expression was enhanced. Moreover, the secretion of TGF-? was suppressed. Conclusion SLC inhibites tumor immune escape.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Hepatitis B ; epidemiology ; immunology ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male

Based on the structure and function of acupoint and in association of the definition and principle of sensor, the acupoint is the sensitive element, being sensitive to the physical stimulation with acupuncture and moxibustion and sensitively responded to the disorders; the acupoint is the sensing element, transforming the changes of the acupoint information via the complicated internet conduction, integration and regulation, so as to generate the effects on organic body; the acupoint is the conversion element, transforming every irritation into the bioelectric signal or optical signal so that the organic body could recognize it. Therefore, the acupoint is regarded as the sensor of information in the organic body.
Acupuncture Points ; Electrophysiological Phenomena ; Humans ; Meridians

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of microsurgery for trigeminal neuralgia (TN) in elderly patients.Methods Totally 143 patients with intractable primary TN who received microsurgery were retrospectively analyzed.There were 92 cases in the elderly group with age of 65-82 years,and the other 51 cases in control group with age of 40-62 years.All the patients in both groups were classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Scale Grade 1 to 3.After suboccipital retrosigmoid craniotomy,microvascular decompression (MVD) was performed in 136patients and partial sensory trigeminal rhizotomy in 7 patients.The complications and efficacy were compared between the two groups.Results 87 cases in the elderly group and 49 cases in control group underwent MVD procedure,complete and part pain relief were achieved in 78 cases and 9 cases in the elderly group,45 cases and 4 cases in control group,respectively.After an average follow-up period of 2.6 and 2.1 years,4 cases (5.1％) among 79 follow-up cases and 3 cases (6.5％) among 46follow-up cases experienced TN recurrences in the elderly and control groups,respectively.No statistically significant differences existed in the efficacy and recurrence rate between the two groups (P＞0.05).There were 3 cases with aseptic meningitis,1 cases with hearing decrease,1 case with cerebrospinal fluid leakage,1 case with pulmonary infection and 1 cases with deliration in the elderlygroup,meanwhile,1 cases with aseptic meningitis,1 case with tinnitus and 1 case with cerebrospinal fluid leakage after surgery in control group (P＞0.05).No facial hypoesthesia appeared in the patients receiving MVD.5 cases in the elderly and 2 cases in control group underwent partial trigeminal rhizotomy with facial hypoesthesia,but the pain released,and no recurrence was found.There were no dead cases in both groups.Conclusions With cautious and proper treatment,microsurgical procedure can be performed safely and effectively in the elderly TN.

Objective To explore the method and effect of primary closure of choledochostomy with placement of a modified biliary stent after common bile duct exploration. Methods Open or laparoscopic common bile duct exploration was done in 39 patients with both gallbladder and common bile duct (CBD) stones. After extraction of stones, an 8F J-stent (pigtailed) was placed in the CBD and into the duodenum over a guide wire. The proximal end of the stent was secured to the CBD wall with rapidly absorbable suture. The CBD incision was primarily closed. Results The stent dislodged and was discharged with stool at the 13th (10-18) postoperative day . Three patients developed transient hyperamylasemia in the immediate postoperative period. None of the patients had complications of bile leak, stent occlusion, early stent dislodgement, or stent retraction into the CBD. Conclusions Placement of a self-release biliary J-stent in CBD and into the duodenum during common bile duct exploration is easier to manipulate with the help of choledochoscpe and guide wire. It is safe and cost-effective, therefore, it can expand the indications for primary closure of CBD incision, and reduce the complications related to T-tubes.

Objective To screen the Chinese drugs with liver channel tropism acting on the characteristic differential expressed protein of human liver cancer cell protein tyrosine kinase (PTKs) system by protein chip technology, and to analyze the difference in different Chinese drugs with liver channel tropism in relation to PTKs regulation. Methods Forty BALB/C nude mice were chosen; a piece of subcutaneous tumor mass was implanted into the left lobe of liver parenchyma to reduplicate the orthotopically implanted tumor models. After modeling for 10 days, the tumorigenicity was confirmed, and all the nude mice models were divided into four groups; different Chinese medicine extracts were injected intra-peritoneally into corresponding treatment groups respectively, and the methods of treatment in the 4 groups were as follows: In liver channel tropism drug pair of Huayu Xiaozhen group, rhizoma sparganii and curcuma zedoary with dosage containing crude drug 4.5 g·kg-1·d-1 was given, in liver channel tropism drug pair of Gongdu Sanjie group, the extract of centipede and scorpion with dosage containing crude drug 0.3 g·kg-1·d-1 was intra-peritoneally injected, in spleen channel tropism drug pair control group, astragalus and rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae with dosage containing crude drug 6.3 g·kg-1·d-1 was given, and in the model group, equal amount of 0.9% normal saline was intra-peritoneally injected. After the drug treatment for 3 weeks, the mice were sacrificed and the liver cancer tissue was obtained; after its total protein was extracted, protein chip technology was applied to screen the Chinese drug pair with liver channel tropism acting on differential expressed PTKs of human liver cancer cells, and the results were analyzed by cluster analysis.Results After the end of the experiment, there were 6 animals in Huayu Xiaozhen drug pair group, 5 in Gongdu Sanjie drug pair group, 5 in control drug pair group and 7 in model group. The protein chip screening results showed that the adjusting fold greater > 1.50 or < 0.67 was defined as the difference with statistical significance. Compared with model group, there were 42 up-regulated expressions of PTKs in Huayu Xiaozhen drug pair group, including 29 receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and 13 non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases (nrPTKs) of which the erythropoietin having adjusting fold over 5.0 produced liver cell receptor B1 (EphB1), epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB2, ErbB4) etc. 3 RTKs; there were 7 RTKs with adjusting fold 3.0 - 5.0 including EphA1, EphA3, EphA7, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2-α (FGFR2-α), hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), and 2 nrPTKs with adjusting fold 3.0 - 5.0 were non-receptor tyrosine kinase BMX (BMX) and Janus kinase 1 (JAK1). In the Gongdu sanjie drug pair group, there were 23 up-regulated expressions: 15 RTKs and 8 nrPTKs, and 6 down-regulated expressions; the RTKs with adjusting fold 3.0 - 5.0 were ErbB4, M-CSFR and 1 nrPTKs that was megakaryocyte-associated tyrosine kinase (MATK). In the control drug pair group, there were 28 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated expressions. The results of cluster analysis showed that in Huayu Xiaozhen drug pair group, there were 17 differential expressed PTKs in accord with the screen criteria of which 9 were RTKs [receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2), stem cell factor receptor (SCFR), anaplasia lymphoma kinase (ALK), platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFR-β), insulin-like growth factor-IR receptor (IGF-IR), ErbB2, ErbB3, EphB1 and EphA2], 1 nrPTKs [fps/fes related tyrosine kinase (FER)] and 7 PTKs 3 RTKs (M-CSFR, FGFR2-α, EphA3) and 4 nrPTKs [acetate kinase 1 (ACK1), bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk), non-receptor tyrosine kinase ABL1 (ABL1) and BMX]. In Gongdu Sanjie drug pair group, there were 7 differential expressed PTKs in accord with the screen criteria 5 RTKs (M-CSFR, FGFR1, ROR2, EphB1, ErbB2) and 2 nrPTKs [src-related kinase lacking C-terminal regulation and N-terminal myristylation sites (SRMS), FER]. Conclusions The drug pair of centipede and scorpion with Gongdu Sanjie action possesses a more effective anti-HCC role than the drug pair of rhizoma sparganii and curcuma zedoary with Huayu Xiaozhen action, the mechanism is possibly via the regulation of PTKs signal pathway. The liver channel tropism drug pair of rhizoma sparganii and curcuma with action of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis possibly has an independent anti-HCC effective pathway outside the PTKs signal system.