Introduction (Panimula): Ang Rehiyong Awtonomo ng Bangsamoro sa Muslim Mindanao ay nagpapaigting sa kaparatan ng mga tao tulad ng katutubo at higit sa lahat ay mga muslim. Ang muslim ay ang tumatalima sa Islam at katuruan nito sa pamamagitan ng pagtanggap o pagsasaksi ( ٱلشَّھَادَة ) sa kaisahan ( توحید ) ng Allah ( سُبْحَانَھُوَتَعَالَى ) at bunga nito ang isang muslim ay nagiging bahagi ng relihiyon ( دین ) ng kapayapaan sapagkat ang kapayapaan sa arabe ( سلام ) ay nag mula sa kaparehas na salitang ugat ng Islam, ang ( سِلم ). Ngunit paano bibigyan ng mukha ang kapayapaan sa mga baklang sasailalim sa rehiyong ito sa kulturang hindi hinihikayat (Haram) ang pagpapahayag (gender expression) ng pagiging bakla? Objective (Layunin): Ang pananaw sa bakla ay hindi basta salita bagkus ay isang buong pananaw (holistikong pagtingin sa tao) o pilosopiyang nakapaloob sa kulturang Pilipino na maaring magamit upang maging tulay sa pilipinong kultura ng mga muslim na huhubog sa ating sariling karanasan ng totoong kapayapaan ang malayang kapayapaan Methodology (Pamamaraan): Ang papel na ito ay magtatangka na pagtalabin ang konsepto ng bakla sa konsepto ng Pilipinong muslim gamit ang pamamaraan at dulog ng paglalahad ng kasaysayan na may saysay (dulog ng Qasas قَصَص ) na may pagtindig sa tradisyon ni Ibn Khaldun ang pagsasaysay ng makatotohanang pagsasaysay na sa yaong dulog ay maaring magdulot ng tatlong bunga. Result (Bunga): (1) una, ito ay maaring magpalalim sa pag unawa (Verstehen) sa bawat isa at maging daan tungo sa karanasan ng malayang kapayapaan dahil ang paggamit ng kultura sa talakayan ay nakaugat at mas malapit sa sariling kultura't pananampalatayang Pilipino (2) ang paggamit ng katutubong kultura ay maaring maging mas mabisa sa pagpapalaganap ng kapayapaan dahil malapit ito sa kultura ng taong tatanggap (3) ang katutubong kultura ay malilinang dahil kasabay ng pananampalatayang Pilipino ay magagamit ito sa pagtindig ng kapayapaan na naaayon sa konteksto at pananaw ng mga Pilipino Conclusion (Tugatog) Sa pamamagitang ng paglalahad ng saysay sa kasaysayan makikita natin ang pagkakapareha ng katangiang bakla bilang banayad at mabuti na tumutugon sa katangian ng muslim bilang mabuti na may katangiang لِنْتَ at بِٱلْقِسْطِ na maaring magamit bilang tulay ng dalawan tradisyon.
Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Sexuality

Introduction: The Philippines faces an increasing incidence of HIV. Timely and regular HIV testing can be a preventive method against HIV infection because early detection of the virus leads to early access to treatment. This can lead to viral suppression in which the virus becomes undetectable and untransmittable. Repeat HIV testing is recommended to men who have sex with men (MSM) and other individuals with previous or ongoing risk of acquiring HIV. Following the Reasoned Action Approach model, providing behavioral interventions in promoting retesting among MSM first needs the identification of their salient beliefs toward a repeat test. Method: A qualitative cross-sectional study was conducted. Thirty HIV non-reactive MSM from a community-based HIV testing and counseling center took part in the study. Participants were asked questions designed to elicit salient behavioral, normative, and control beliefs toward a repeat HIV test three to six months following the receipt of the non-reactive HIV screening test result. Results: The most salient belief on the positive consequence of a repeat test was having peace of mind with one’s status; while the most salient belief on the disadvantages was investing in time and travelling as well as experiencing pain from the needlestick. Close friends were the most cited normative referent. Accessibility of facilities and time were believed to be the most salient facilitator and barrier, respectively. Conclusion HIV/AIDS counselors and administrators can become key persons in increasing regular HIV testing by bringing messages that address the unearthed salient beliefs of MSM toward repeat testing. The salient beliefs extracted from the participants can provide basis for behavioral interventions; however, a formal test through a quantitative study of a larger sample is warranted to identify beliefs that significantly affect attitudinal, normative, and control factors of retest intention.
HIV Testing ; Sexual and Gender Minorities

Background: Self-control is an integral concept in understanding the sexual behaviors of men who have sex with men (MSM). It has varying definitions and descriptions which may affect its practical and scientific use. Objective: To examine self-control in the context of MSM's sexual behaviors. Methodology: Walker and Avant's concept analysis method was used to clarify the attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents of self-control. Results: The attributes of self-control were recognition of sexual impulses, rationalization of sexual perceptions, and regulation of sexual behaviors. The antecedents of self-control were personal drivers, situational experiences, social linkages, and environmental structures. Self-control promotes empowered decision-making toward sexual behaviors and HIV risk reduction. Variations exist in how self-control is conceptualized and measured. Conclusion Self-control does not automatically mean inhibiting sexual urges and avoiding sexual engagements. It involves a conscious effort to make independent decisions over one's sexual thoughts, emotions, and actions.
Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Health Education ; Self-Control

BACKGROUND

Without adequate preparation and competence, nursing students entering the practice might not respond effectively to the growing health and healthcare disparities among the LGBTQ+ population.

Guided by Pacquiao's Framework for Culturally Competent Healthcare, the study aimed to describe and to compare nursing students' self-rated LGBTQ+ care competence by personal, sociocultural, and educational characteristics, and identify the relationship between LGBTQ+ care competence, level of compassion, and the number of LGBTQ+-related topics offered in nursing curriculum.

A cross-sectional study was implemented through online survey among fourth-year nursing students (N = 208) from nursing schools in Metro Manila using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender-Nursing Education Assessment instrument, the Revised Short Version of the Compassionate Love for Humanity Scale, and the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Development of Clinical Skills Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Nursing students' overall LGBTQ+ care competence mean rating score was 5.21 out of 7.0. Attitudinal awareness had the highest mean rating score (mean= 6.34, SD= 0.98), followed by basic knowledge (mean= 4.93, SD= 1.27) and clinical preparedness (mean=4.25, SD=1.23). Significant differences in the overall LGBTQ+ care competence mean rating scores were found based on exposure to LGBTQ+-related media contents (p=.03), personal experience in caring for LGBTQ+ clients (p=.00), ethnicity (p=.020), friends' acceptance of LGBTQ.

Findings show that the current generation of nursing students has more positive awareness, acceptance, and attitudes toward the LGBTQ+ population. Embedding LGBTQ+ health in the nursing curriculum must be strategically placed.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the Impact of community subculture of men who have sex with men (MSM) on the occurrence of high-risk sexual behavior based on the health belief model. METHODS: A qualitative research method was used to conduct in-depth interviews with 17 MSM by one-to-one and half-structured way, and thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: There were several factors for high-risk sexual behavior in MSM subculture, such as trust, subjective assessment for partner or personal health status, the role in inserting, awareness of HIV infection among partners, perception of HIV and homosexual discrimination, difficulty in maintaining a fixed partner, family responsibility,and so on. Self-efficacy also affected MSM's high-risk sexual behavior. CONCLUSIONS High-risk sexual behavior in MSM population is influenced by individual, group, and intra-circle subculture. Cognitive bias for HIV infection in MSMs can be intervened by constructing a preventive intervention model for high-risk sexual behavior.
HIV Infections ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual Partners ; Sexual and Gender Minorities

The steady rise in newly-diagnosed cases of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been historically associated with Men-who-have- sex-with-men (MSM) in the Philippines. This has been attributed to low condom use despite longstanding guidance on their efficacy in preventing the spread of HIV among other sexually transmitted diseases. The objective of the study was to describe the sociodemographic and sexual characteristics of an online sample of Filipino MSM, and identify which factors are significantly associated with condom use at last sexual intercourse. Purposive sampling through referrals within the MSM community resulted in a sample of 491 Filipino MSMs. Bivariate analysis revealed that MSM's civil status, gender expression, relationship status, their predominant sexual position, and the sexes of their sexual partners are significantly associated with the use or non-use of condoms during their last sexual intercourse. The study may prove to be beneficial to public health leaders in the implementation of a comprehensive group of interventions to increase condom use.
Male ; Condoms ; Homosexuality, Male ; Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Sexual Behavior ; HIV Infections ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; HIV

Objective: To investigate the willingness to use three types of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and its associated factors among MSM in Chengdu. Methods: A total of 793 MSM were recruited through Chengdu Tongle Health Consultation Service Centre between November 2021 to January 2022. Data were collected, including demographic characteristics, sexual behaviors in the last six months, PrEP-related stigma, HIV anticipated stigma, MSM internalized stigma, and willingness to use three types of PrEP. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were conducted to investigate the associated factors of willingness in using the three types of PrEP. Results: Among 793 participants, willingness to take on-demand PrEP was higher (68.3%). Higher education and multiple sexual partners increased the willingness to use oral PrEP, higher education [compared with junior high school or below, high school or technical secondary school (aOR=2.43, 95%CI: 1.13-5.21), junior college (aOR=2.67, 95%CI: 1.27-5.61), bachelor degree (aOR=3.21, 95%CI: 1.52-6.74), master degree or above (aOR=3.77, 95%CI: 1.54-9.26)], multiple sexual partners (aOR=1.54, 95%CI: 1.12-2.11) were positively associated with daily oral PrEP. HIV anticipated stigma was positively associated with the willingness in using all three types of PrEP: daily oral PrEP (aOR=1.07, 95%CI: 1.02-1.12), on-demand PrEP (aOR=1.09, 95%CI: 1.03-1.15), and injectable PrEP every 8 week (aOR=1.06, 95%CI: 1.01-1.11). Conclusions: The overall willingness in using PrEP in MSM in Chengdu is relatively high, and the promotion of PrEP is highly feasible. In the future, we should continue to promote publicity and education on HIV and PrEP-related knowledge in this population, improve the cognitive level, and guide MSM to establish the correct motivation for PrEP use.
Male ; Humans ; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis ; Homosexuality, Male ; Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Sexual Behavior ; HIV Infections/prevention & control*

Objective: To identify related factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in the context of knowing their HIV infection status. Methods: HIV positive MSM who known that they had been infected with HIV for more than 6 months and accepted follow up services were recruited by convenience sampling method in Chengdu 2015. Semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect their information, such as demographic characteristics, antiviral therapy and sexual behavior characteristics etc. Logistic regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: A total of 330 HIV- positive MSM were recruited, 201 eligible MSM were interviewed. The prevalence of UAI in recent six months was 18.41% (37/201). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the number of anal intercourse with male ≥3 in last month (OR=6.22, 95%CI: 1.88-20.56), low education level (OR=7.29, 95%CI: 1.36-39.16), married, divorced or widowed status (OR=4.65, 95%CI: 1.13-19.17), homosexual cohabitation (OR=3.32, 95%CI: 1.01-10.95) were the risk factors related with UAI among the HIV-positive MSM. Conclusion: Frequent homosexual anal intercourse, low education level, married, divorced or widowed status and homosexual cohabitation might be the risk factors related with UAI in HIV-positive MSM in Chengdu.
HIV ; HIV Infections/transmission* ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual Partners ; Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Unsafe Sex

Objective: To analyze HIV/AIDS surveillance data in men who have sex with men (MSM) aged from 15 to 24 years in Fuzhou and understand the HIV infection status in MSM and related factors. Methods: From 2016 to 2021, MSM aged 15-24 years who had oral or anal sex with men in the past 6 months were recruited through internet, and their demographic and behavioral characteristics, HIV antibody positive rate and risk factors were analyzed. Results: From 2016 to 2021, a total of 4 234 MSM aged 15-24 years were surveyed. The proportion of MSM from other provinces increased from 13.00% (85/654) to 23.42% (163/696) (trend χ²=60.23, P<0.001); and the proportion of MSM seeking male partners through internet increased from 93.27% (610/654) to 99.71% (694/696) (trend χ²=65.20, P<0.001); In the last anal sex in the past 6 months, the proportion of MSM using condom decreased from 88.16% (484/549) to 74.11% (415/560) (trend χ²=32.32, P<0.001); and in the past 6 months, the proportion of MSM using condom at each anal sex decreased from 65.76% (361/549) to 55.54% (311/560) (trend χ² =6.82, P<0.001); The proportion of MSM with HIV antibody testing increased from 5.66% (37/654) to 25.29% (176/696) (trend χ²=98.51, P<0.001). The cumulative HIV antibody positive rate in the MSM was 3.64% (154/4 234), and there was no significant difference in annual HIV antibody positive rate in the MSM (trend χ²=0.50, P=0.453). The HIV antibody positive rate in the MSM with education level of junior high school or below and the MSM living in Fuzhou for 1-2 years showed an upward trend (P<0.05). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk for HIV infection in the MSM with education level of high school or technical secondary school was 0.54 times higher than that in those with education level of junior high school or below (95%CI: 0.30-0.99), and the risk for HIV infection in the MSM with education level of junior college or below was 0.29 times higher than that in those with education level of junior high school or below (95%CI: 0.17-0.51). The risk for HIV infection in the MSM who lived in Fuzhou for 1-2 years was 0.35 times higher than that in those who lived in Fuzhou for less than 1 year (95%CI: 0.16-0.74), the risk for HIV infection in the MSM who lived in Fuzhou for more than two years was 0.58 times higher than that in those who lived in Fuzhou for less than 1 year (95%CI: 0.37-0.91). The number of MSM using condoms at each anal sex was 0.18 times higher than that in the those never using condoms (95%CI: 0.08-0.42), and the number of the MSM who didn't suffered from sexually transmitted diseases was 0.25 times higher than that in those who suffered from sexually transmitted diseases (95%CI: 0.13-0.50). Conclusions: The MSM aged 15-24 years in Fuzhou have higher risk for HIV infection, and internet based intervention should be strengthened in adolescent MSM without permanent residence and with low education level.
Adolescent ; Male ; Humans ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology* ; HIV Infections/epidemiology* ; Homosexuality, Male ; Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Internet

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of the application of internet-based HIV testing in men who have sex with men (MSM) in practical application and provide evidence for its application in the future. Methods: MSM who visited the internet-based intervention platform for at least one time from June to December 2020 were selected for the study. The information about platform visit, the number of self-test kits provided, the basic characteristics of the MSM and their satisfactory level were collected. And multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the potential factors associated with the reporting of self-test results. Results: By the end of December 31^th, 2020, a total of 132 267 platform visits had been recorded, and 3 511 HIV self-test kits had been provided upon the MSM's requests, and 3 237 MSM (92.2%) reported self-test results. The HIV positive rate was 2.4% (69/2 855) and the confirmation rate of positive HIV test results was 86.7% (52/60). The MSM who asked for self-test kits online were mainly aged ≤30 years, had education level of college or above, and found their sexual partners through internet or dating software. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that repeat of online HIV self-test kits application (OR=3.50,95%CI:2.10-5.83), guarantee deposit of 50 yuan at application (OR=2.55,95%CI:1.33-4.89), monthly economic income 1-3 000 yuan (OR=1.54,95%CI:1.05-2.28) or no income (OR=1.71,95%CI:1.20-2.42) and online sexual partners finding (OR=1.49,95%CI:1.13-1.95) were associated with higher reporting rate of self-test results. The satisfactory rate the MSM to the service of platform was 99.5% (217/218). Conclusions: The study confirmed the feasibility and effectiveness of internet-based intervention for HIV tests in MSM, which could promote the self-test of HIV in MSM and facilitate the early detection of HIV infection through social media platforms and multi-channel promotion.
Male ; Humans ; Homosexuality, Male ; HIV Infections/prevention & control* ; Feasibility Studies ; Sexual and Gender Minorities ; HIV Testing ; Internet