Introduction (Panimula): Ang Rehiyong Awtonomo ng Bangsamoro sa Muslim Mindanao ay nagpapaigting sa kaparatan ng mga tao tulad ng katutubo at higit sa lahat ay mga muslim. Ang muslim ay ang tumatalima sa Islam at katuruan nito sa pamamagitan ng pagtanggap o pagsasaksi ( ٱلشَّھَادَة ) sa kaisahan ( توحید ) ng Allah ( سُبْحَانَھُوَتَعَالَى ) at bunga nito ang isang muslim ay nagiging bahagi ng relihiyon ( دین ) ng kapayapaan sapagkat ang kapayapaan sa arabe ( سلام ) ay nag mula sa kaparehas na salitang ugat ng Islam, ang ( سِلم ). Ngunit paano bibigyan ng mukha ang kapayapaan sa mga baklang sasailalim sa rehiyong ito sa kulturang hindi hinihikayat (Haram) ang pagpapahayag (gender expression) ng pagiging bakla? Objective (Layunin): Ang pananaw sa bakla ay hindi basta salita bagkus ay isang buong pananaw (holistikong pagtingin sa tao) o pilosopiyang nakapaloob sa kulturang Pilipino na maaring magamit upang maging tulay sa pilipinong kultura ng mga muslim na huhubog sa ating sariling karanasan ng totoong kapayapaan ang malayang kapayapaan Methodology (Pamamaraan): Ang papel na ito ay magtatangka na pagtalabin ang konsepto ng bakla sa konsepto ng Pilipinong muslim gamit ang pamamaraan at dulog ng paglalahad ng kasaysayan na may saysay (dulog ng Qasas قَصَص ) na may pagtindig sa tradisyon ni Ibn Khaldun ang pagsasaysay ng makatotohanang pagsasaysay na sa yaong dulog ay maaring magdulot ng tatlong bunga. Result (Bunga): (1) una, ito ay maaring magpalalim sa pag unawa (Verstehen) sa bawat isa at maging daan tungo sa karanasan ng malayang kapayapaan dahil ang paggamit ng kultura sa talakayan ay nakaugat at mas malapit sa sariling kultura't pananampalatayang Pilipino (2) ang paggamit ng katutubong kultura ay maaring maging mas mabisa sa pagpapalaganap ng kapayapaan dahil malapit ito sa kultura ng taong tatanggap (3) ang katutubong kultura ay malilinang dahil kasabay ng pananampalatayang Pilipino ay magagamit ito sa pagtindig ng kapayapaan na naaayon sa konteksto at pananaw ng mga Pilipino Conclusion (Tugatog) Sa pamamagitang ng paglalahad ng saysay sa kasaysayan makikita natin ang pagkakapareha ng katangiang bakla bilang banayad at mabuti na tumutugon sa katangian ng muslim bilang mabuti na may katangiang لِنْتَ at بِٱلْقِسْطِ na maaring magamit bilang tulay ng dalawan tradisyon.
Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Sexuality

Introduction: The Philippines faces an increasing incidence of HIV. Timely and regular HIV testing can be a preventive method against HIV infection because early detection of the virus leads to early access to treatment. This can lead to viral suppression in which the virus becomes undetectable and untransmittable. Repeat HIV testing is recommended to men who have sex with men (MSM) and other individuals with previous or ongoing risk of acquiring HIV. Following the Reasoned Action Approach model, providing behavioral interventions in promoting retesting among MSM first needs the identification of their salient beliefs toward a repeat test. Method: A qualitative cross-sectional study was conducted. Thirty HIV non-reactive MSM from a community-based HIV testing and counseling center took part in the study. Participants were asked questions designed to elicit salient behavioral, normative, and control beliefs toward a repeat HIV test three to six months following the receipt of the non-reactive HIV screening test result. Results: The most salient belief on the positive consequence of a repeat test was having peace of mind with one’s status; while the most salient belief on the disadvantages was investing in time and travelling as well as experiencing pain from the needlestick. Close friends were the most cited normative referent. Accessibility of facilities and time were believed to be the most salient facilitator and barrier, respectively. Conclusion HIV/AIDS counselors and administrators can become key persons in increasing regular HIV testing by bringing messages that address the unearthed salient beliefs of MSM toward repeat testing. The salient beliefs extracted from the participants can provide basis for behavioral interventions; however, a formal test through a quantitative study of a larger sample is warranted to identify beliefs that significantly affect attitudinal, normative, and control factors of retest intention.
HIV Testing ; Sexual and Gender Minorities

Background: Self-control is an integral concept in understanding the sexual behaviors of men who have sex with men (MSM). It has varying definitions and descriptions which may affect its practical and scientific use. Objective: To examine self-control in the context of MSM's sexual behaviors. Methodology: Walker and Avant's concept analysis method was used to clarify the attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents of self-control. Results: The attributes of self-control were recognition of sexual impulses, rationalization of sexual perceptions, and regulation of sexual behaviors. The antecedents of self-control were personal drivers, situational experiences, social linkages, and environmental structures. Self-control promotes empowered decision-making toward sexual behaviors and HIV risk reduction. Variations exist in how self-control is conceptualized and measured. Conclusion Self-control does not automatically mean inhibiting sexual urges and avoiding sexual engagements. It involves a conscious effort to make independent decisions over one's sexual thoughts, emotions, and actions.
Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Health Education ; Self-Control

OBJECTIVES: To explore the Impact of community subculture of men who have sex with men (MSM) on the occurrence of high-risk sexual behavior based on the health belief model. METHODS: A qualitative research method was used to conduct in-depth interviews with 17 MSM by one-to-one and half-structured way, and thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: There were several factors for high-risk sexual behavior in MSM subculture, such as trust, subjective assessment for partner or personal health status, the role in inserting, awareness of HIV infection among partners, perception of HIV and homosexual discrimination, difficulty in maintaining a fixed partner, family responsibility,and so on. Self-efficacy also affected MSM's high-risk sexual behavior. CONCLUSIONS High-risk sexual behavior in MSM population is influenced by individual, group, and intra-circle subculture. Cognitive bias for HIV infection in MSMs can be intervened by constructing a preventive intervention model for high-risk sexual behavior.
HIV Infections ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual Partners ; Sexual and Gender Minorities

BACKGROUND

Without adequate preparation and competence, nursing students entering the practice might not respond effectively to the growing health and healthcare disparities among the LGBTQ+ population.

Guided by Pacquiao's Framework for Culturally Competent Healthcare, the study aimed to describe and to compare nursing students' self-rated LGBTQ+ care competence by personal, sociocultural, and educational characteristics, and identify the relationship between LGBTQ+ care competence, level of compassion, and the number of LGBTQ+-related topics offered in nursing curriculum.

A cross-sectional study was implemented through online survey among fourth-year nursing students (N = 208) from nursing schools in Metro Manila using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender-Nursing Education Assessment instrument, the Revised Short Version of the Compassionate Love for Humanity Scale, and the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Development of Clinical Skills Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Nursing students' overall LGBTQ+ care competence mean rating score was 5.21 out of 7.0. Attitudinal awareness had the highest mean rating score (mean= 6.34, SD= 0.98), followed by basic knowledge (mean= 4.93, SD= 1.27) and clinical preparedness (mean=4.25, SD=1.23). Significant differences in the overall LGBTQ+ care competence mean rating scores were found based on exposure to LGBTQ+-related media contents (p=.03), personal experience in caring for LGBTQ+ clients (p=.00), ethnicity (p=.020), friends' acceptance of LGBTQ.

Findings show that the current generation of nursing students has more positive awareness, acceptance, and attitudes toward the LGBTQ+ population. Embedding LGBTQ+ health in the nursing curriculum must be strategically placed.

The steady rise in newly-diagnosed cases of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been historically associated with Men-who-have- sex-with-men (MSM) in the Philippines. This has been attributed to low condom use despite longstanding guidance on their efficacy in preventing the spread of HIV among other sexually transmitted diseases. The objective of the study was to describe the sociodemographic and sexual characteristics of an online sample of Filipino MSM, and identify which factors are significantly associated with condom use at last sexual intercourse. Purposive sampling through referrals within the MSM community resulted in a sample of 491 Filipino MSMs. Bivariate analysis revealed that MSM's civil status, gender expression, relationship status, their predominant sexual position, and the sexes of their sexual partners are significantly associated with the use or non-use of condoms during their last sexual intercourse. The study may prove to be beneficial to public health leaders in the implementation of a comprehensive group of interventions to increase condom use.
Male ; Condoms ; Homosexuality, Male ; Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Sexual Behavior ; HIV Infections ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; HIV

Objective: To investigate the willingness to use three types of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and its associated factors among MSM in Chengdu. Methods: A total of 793 MSM were recruited through Chengdu Tongle Health Consultation Service Centre between November 2021 to January 2022. Data were collected, including demographic characteristics, sexual behaviors in the last six months, PrEP-related stigma, HIV anticipated stigma, MSM internalized stigma, and willingness to use three types of PrEP. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were conducted to investigate the associated factors of willingness in using the three types of PrEP. Results: Among 793 participants, willingness to take on-demand PrEP was higher (68.3%). Higher education and multiple sexual partners increased the willingness to use oral PrEP, higher education [compared with junior high school or below, high school or technical secondary school (aOR=2.43, 95%CI: 1.13-5.21), junior college (aOR=2.67, 95%CI: 1.27-5.61), bachelor degree (aOR=3.21, 95%CI: 1.52-6.74), master degree or above (aOR=3.77, 95%CI: 1.54-9.26)], multiple sexual partners (aOR=1.54, 95%CI: 1.12-2.11) were positively associated with daily oral PrEP. HIV anticipated stigma was positively associated with the willingness in using all three types of PrEP: daily oral PrEP (aOR=1.07, 95%CI: 1.02-1.12), on-demand PrEP (aOR=1.09, 95%CI: 1.03-1.15), and injectable PrEP every 8 week (aOR=1.06, 95%CI: 1.01-1.11). Conclusions: The overall willingness in using PrEP in MSM in Chengdu is relatively high, and the promotion of PrEP is highly feasible. In the future, we should continue to promote publicity and education on HIV and PrEP-related knowledge in this population, improve the cognitive level, and guide MSM to establish the correct motivation for PrEP use.
Male ; Humans ; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis ; Homosexuality, Male ; Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Sexual Behavior ; HIV Infections/prevention & control*

Objective: To identify related factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in the context of knowing their HIV infection status. Methods: HIV positive MSM who known that they had been infected with HIV for more than 6 months and accepted follow up services were recruited by convenience sampling method in Chengdu 2015. Semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect their information, such as demographic characteristics, antiviral therapy and sexual behavior characteristics etc. Logistic regression model was used for univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: A total of 330 HIV- positive MSM were recruited, 201 eligible MSM were interviewed. The prevalence of UAI in recent six months was 18.41% (37/201). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the number of anal intercourse with male ≥3 in last month (OR=6.22, 95%CI: 1.88-20.56), low education level (OR=7.29, 95%CI: 1.36-39.16), married, divorced or widowed status (OR=4.65, 95%CI: 1.13-19.17), homosexual cohabitation (OR=3.32, 95%CI: 1.01-10.95) were the risk factors related with UAI among the HIV-positive MSM. Conclusion: Frequent homosexual anal intercourse, low education level, married, divorced or widowed status and homosexual cohabitation might be the risk factors related with UAI in HIV-positive MSM in Chengdu.
HIV ; HIV Infections/transmission* ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual Partners ; Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Unsafe Sex

Objective: To understand HIV self-testing and related factors in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Shijiazhuang. Methods: From August to September 2020, convenient sampling was used to recruit MSM in Shijiazhuang. Online questionnaires were used to collect information about their demographic characteristics, sexual behaviors and HIV self-testing. logistic regression model was used to analyze the related factors associated with HIV self-testing. Results: In the 304 MSM respondents, 52.3% (159/304) had HIV self-testing in the past 6 months, and 95.0% (151/159) used fingertip blood HIV detection reagent. Self-purchase was the main way to obtain HIV testing reagents (45.9%, 73/159), followed by supply from MSM social organization (44.7%, 71/159). The reasons for having HIV self-testing were non-specific testing time (67.9%, 108/159) and privacy protection (62.9%,100/159), the reasons for having no HIV self-testing included inability of using (32.4%, 47/145), being unaware of HIV self-testing reagent (24.1%, 35/145), and worry about inaccurate self-testing results (19.3%, 28/145). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that being 18-29 years old (aOR=2.68, 95%CI: 1.20-5.94), obtaining free HIV self-testing kits in recent 6 months (aOR=8.61, 95%CI: 4.09-18.11) and making friends through Internet and social software (aOR=2.68, 95%CI: 1.48-4.88) were positive factors for having HIV self-testing. Conclusion: HIV self-testing is a more flexible and convenient way to detect HIV in MSM, and the promotion of HIV self-testing in MSM should be strengthened to further increase the HIV detection rate in this population.
Male ; Humans ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Homosexuality, Male ; Self-Testing ; Sexual and Gender Minorities ; HIV Testing ; Sexual Behavior

Objective: To understand the cognition and medication use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China and its associated factors. Method: From August 25 to September 5, 2021, 2 447 MSM were recruited in 24 cities to complete the online questionnaire through a male social interaction platform, Blued 7.5 software. The survey contents included demographic information of the respondents, PrEP awareness and usage, and risk behaviors. Descriptive analysis and multi-level logistic regression were performed for data analysis. SPSS 24.0 and SAS 9.4 software were used for statistical analysis. Results: Among the 2 447 respondents of MSM, 1 712 (69.96%) had heard of PrEP, 437 (17.86%) ever used PrEP, 274 (11.20%) were on PrEP, and 163 (6.66%) had discontinued PrEP; among the 437 cases (whoever used PrEP), more than 61.88% (388/627) adopted emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate regimen, and most of them adopted on-demand regimen. The average PrEP dosage reported in the past year is 1.12 tabletsper person per week. PrEP purchase was primarily via an online channel, and the most concerned factor was the PrEP effectiveness on HIV prevention. The most common reasons for discontinuing PrEP, reported by 163 cases, were the lack of HIV risk perception, the use of a condom to prevent HIV, and the economic burden of PrEP use. The logistic regression analysis showed that PrEP use among MSM in 24 cities was statistically associated with age, monthly income, ever having unprotected anal sex in the past year, used sexual drugs and sexually transmitted disease (STD) diagnosis in the past year. Compared with MSM aged 18-24, the proportion of MSM was relatively lower among those aged 25-44, who discontinued the PrEP (aOR=0.54,95%CI:0.34-0.87) or never used PrEP (aOR=0.62,95%CI:0.44-0.87). The proportion of unprotected anal sex among MSM currently on PrEP use was higher than those who have stopped PrEP and never used PrEP (all P<0.05). Those MSM group, with monthly income higher than 5 000 Yuan, used sexual drugs and STD diagnosis in the past year were more likely to have a higher rate for PrEP usage (all P<0.05). Conclusions: Currently, pre-exposure prophylaxis in the MSM group is primarily obtained via the online channel and adopted in an on-demand mode. Although the PrEP users have reached a certain proportion, it is still necessary to strengthen health education on the PrEP effects and side effects of MSM and to improve the awareness and use rate, especially for young MSM group, which can be combined with the advantages of the internet targeting its needs and use barriers.
Humans ; Male ; Homosexuality, Male ; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis ; Cities ; Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Sexual Behavior ; China ; HIV Infections/prevention & control*