A school environment may cause positive effect upon health and healthy behavior, but also representmain factor for transfer of non-infectious diseases. Therefore, the issue of maintaining an appropriate environment in operations of training and educational institution would be considered as vital in every country of the world. In our country the solid waste hygienic conditions around children organizations represent one of actual problems. Through the research work was aimed to evaluate the state of solid waste at external environment of general educational institutions by the momentum model of analytical research and involving 103 state proprietary Educational Institutions of 9 districts. At developing estimation list of solid waste at external environment of schools were used current effective standards, resolutions and regulations. 88.3 percent of schools involved into research work had special solid waste-points and 11.7 percent had no special solid waste-points. 38.8 percent of solid waste-points were fenced from all sidesand 44.7 percent fenced from some sides and 16.5 percent had no fence in whole. The research of material from which was made a solid waste-keeping facility showed that 44.2 percent were made from metal, 2.3 percent from wood and 52.3 percent from brick. When we studied whether the solid waste-keeping facility is placed in distance of 25 meters from school according to standard,was determined that 71.8 percent were built according to the standard, 28.2 percent were allocated within 25 meters showing inconformity with the standard. During the research it has been detected that among schools 27.2 percent had too much solid waste-heap, 25.5 percent had placed no special recycle-bins on the school site and 13.6 percent conducted wrong activity by incinerating solid waste on the territory of school.2/3 or total 63 schools among Metropolitan state proprietary educational institutions has non- standard solid waste-keeping facility, 1/3 or 29 schools has located their solid waste-points in non- standard distance, there exists much solid waste-heap because of insufficient recycle-bins, absence of solid waste-points results in collection of solid waste in a special room inside of school and later its transportation with scavenger. Also, 13.6 percent or 14 schools are incinerating their solid waste within school site. This breeches effective hygienic norms and normative.

Background During the last ten years cardiovascular disease has became one of the priority cause of death in Selenge province, while 23.9 cases in 10.000 population. Studying cause of increasing cardiovascular disease by year and year, connecting with arterial hypertension control and influenced factors is our research work background.GoalTo determine uncontrolled arterial hypertension and evaluate its influenced factors among the population with arterial hypertension in Selenge province.Objectives:1. Research uncontrolled arterial hypertension among the population2. Determine factors that influence uncontrolled arterial hypertensionMaterials and Metods: Research model: Population based moment model of analitic research is used to survey control of population with arterial hypertension. Research coverage and Sampling: Eruu, Zuunburen, and Khutul soums were chosen from 23 soums including center of Selenge province through the random sampling. And then 480 people with arterial hypertension, aged above 18 years were participated in the research. Data was analysed by SPSS 17 program. Collecting information method: Situation of arterial hypertension control is taken by questionnaire method developed by collaboration with WHO and International Association of Arterial Hypertension, and whether follow the drug treatment instruction of physicians is evaluated by MMAS questionnaire method developed by Association of Control Case Managment of America. Arterial hypertension, weight and height of participants were measured. Although people with arterial hypertension under 140-90 mm.Hy are reported “people who are controlling their arterial pressure in normal rate”.ResultsTotally 480 people with arterial hypertension, aged above 18 years were chosen from of Eruu, Zuunburen, and Khutul soums and center of Selenge province. Approximetly, 29.1 percent were male, 70.8 percent were female and average age was 52.43. About 34 percent were high education, 85.8 percent were married and 34.4 percent were retired people. According to the survey, 68 people or 14.1 percent were controlled their arterial pressure/hypertension in normal rate, 412 people or 85.8 percent were uncontrolled their arterial pressure/hypertension in normal rate. Because of the arterial hypertension 59 percent of the participants were under control of physicians. Also there was difference on age and gender with statistical benefit. (p=0.001) People who can control arterial pressure in normal rate were 12.7 percent of people under control of physicians.Conclusions:About 85.8 percent or 412 people with arterial hypertension were uncontrolled, 90 percent were male and 84.1 percent were female. Because of the arterial hypertension, 59 percent of the participants were under control of physicians. But 87.3 percent of them cannot control their arterial pressure/ypertension in normal rate. Physicians control, employment, body mass index and following drug treatment instruction were the factors influence on arterial hypertension control.

BackroundThe goal of the survey was to determine the prevalence of hypertension and common modifiable risk factors which is constantly increases and in highly lead of blood circulating system diseases among the people of Baynkhongor province in recent years, and also to find a reasonable ways to improve preventive actions for long life expectancy of the province residents.GoalThe goal of the survey was to determine the prevalence of hypertension and common modifiable risk factors among the people above 30 years old of Bayankhongor province.Objectives:1. To determine the prevalence of hypertension among the people above 30 years old of Bayankhongor province2. To determine the risk factors for hypertensionMaterials and Method:The cross-sectional survey used WHO STEPS survey methodology adapted to the countrys specifics. A total of 373 randomly selected above 30 year-old residents involved to the survey that all represented by ages, gender etc.Results:The survey result showed that about 41.3% of the target population who involved in the survey has the prevalence of hypertension and with no difference in all regions too. Men had significantly higher prevalence of hypertension compared to women as well (p=0.029), andit would occurs and happens more with the aging. Total of 34.6% of the target population who have the prevalence of hypertension (p=0.0001) have diagnosed and whereas men at risk about 66%. The survey result showed that the consumption of the pernicious habits of the population is high, and average daily serving of fruits and vegetables were (1.64 unit) once 3 more times less than the WHO recommendation. Daily salt intake was 9.8 grams per person (2 more times higher than the WHO recommendation) and nearly one in two persons were at increased risk for physical inactivity.Conclusions:The survey result showed that about 41.3% of the target population who involved in the survey has the prevalence of hypertension. In conclusion, the summary of combined hypertension risk factors demonstrates that 2 in 3 (65.9%) adults have 1-2 risk factors and 1 in 3 (30%) adults have three or more common modifiable risk factors. Twice as many young men (aged 30-49 years) than women have high 3 more risk factors.

BACKGROUND. Since the implementation of Pre-medical curriculum the first students have successfully finished their courses. However, formative and summative evaluation of the curriculum hasn’t been done. The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between satisfaction level and knowledge acquisition of the students. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The study was completed at School of Bio-medicine of MNUMS and Division of Education and Policy. We have studied correlation of grade point average (GPA), integrated final exam score, and general admission test/entrance examination test scores (Chemistry and Biology test scores) of total of 395 students’. RESULTS. A total of 395 students’ 4 types of test scores have been used in this study. Out of 395 students, 68 (17%) male, 327 (83%) female and 317 (80%) medical and 78 (20%) health sciences pre-medical students. Results have shown that, both general admission test score and university pre-medical GPA had a direct, average line correlation. In other words, students who have had a higher general admission test score; have scored higher GPA scores at university. The comparison of GPA with the integrated final exam score has shown a direct, average line correlation, which proves the validity of the GPA.The highest factor among was the teacher methodology skills scoring 4.0. The lowest factor was teaching facilities and student lesson load scoring 3.7. CONCLUSION. The satisfaction level is higher the average. The student GPA, general admission test score, both have a direct or average line correlation.

Background: To effectively deliver healthcare services, it is necessary to strengthen and expand the education system for qualified biomedical equipment technicians and engineers. This should be combined with measures such as providing modern equipment to health facilities and making spare parts available. Internationally, there is a reference of one engineer responsible for 100 pieces of equipment. Additionally, one engineer is responsible for each major piece of equipment such as MRI, CT, positron emission tomography (PET SCAN), and angiography equipment. However, in our country, the standard is independent of the number of medical equipment. Although 4 universities nationwide train medical equipment engineers and technicians, they are unable to meet the growing market needs. Aim: To assess human resource needs for biomedical equipment specialists. Materials and Methods: We conducted the study using an analytical survey design. In the study, data were collected from a total of 272 engineers and technicians using a self-administered questionnaire that included years of work experience, post-graduate training, qualification level, and workload. The data were processed using SPSS Statistics 26 software, and the results were presented in figures, tables, and sentences. Results: Of the professionals surveyed, 72.4% were male, 95.6% were full-time employees, and 68.8% had a bachelor’s degree. However, the majority (90.4%) of the professionals did not have a professional degree. When asked about the availability of on-the-job and other training among the professionals 73.5% had not received any training at all. The level of training received by professionals did not depend on the organization they worked for. However, there was a statistically significant difference between the level of training received from foreign and manufacturer-sponsored organizations. The professionals surveyed had relatively little training since they started working. As the number of years of experience in their profession increased, the number of times they participated in manufacturer-sponsored training increased. However, the number of times they participated in domestic, foreign, or postgraduate training was not related to the number of years of experience. Conclusion Medical equipment engineers and technicians are working harder than international professionals. The lack of post-graduate training for healthcare professionals is a concern for the industry.

BACKGROUND As a Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences student rating point is calculated by transferring into 42 level quantitative point in accordance with procedure which assess student approved byDirector with 1st attachment of order no. A/144 on December 15, 2015. However, the calculation,estimated by mathematics allocation, of the student rating point, letter point and quantitative is notbased on research also allocation of transferring the rating point into quantitative point is different foranother universities. These reasons mentioned previously have seriously become basis backgroundof our research. The main objective of this research is to compare model of transferring rating pointinto quantitative point. METHODS Research was completed by quantitative method that based on moment descriptive study, case study, model of mathematic and geometry modeling.Under our research objective we did compare study using rate point that transfer into quantitativepoint of student at MNUHS, accuracy and methodology all among the Mongolian state and private universities. Now Mongolian National University of Life Sciences, Etugen University and New Mongolia Medical University are using 5 level table that approved Ministry of Education Science, Mongolian National University is using 9 level scale, Mongolian University of Science & Technology, Mongolian State University of Education, Mongolian State University of Art&Culture are using 12 level scale while MNUHS is using 42 scale table that calculate student average point. We compared model of GPA calculation that rate point transfer into quantitative point by using all tables belong each Universities mentioned above. We have developed mathematical and geometrical modeling on each assessment since we started study and made statistical process based on modeling. RESULTS Some articles of the regulation to adapt the credit hours, evaluate students’ knowledge and ability during the training where providing the higher educational degree were not fulfilled. Hereto: The article of the guidance that are taking: 70 rating point considering to the letter D, 80 rating point considering to the letter C, 90 rating point considering to the letter B are not providing the 12 level module. The modules with staging 9, 12, 42 of the article on regarding measurement of 2, 3, 4 in 70, 80, 90 rating grade are not meeting requirements. According to the survey among 470 students who’s GPA higher 2.5 in the 42 level scale shows mostly. Also, the percentage of the students with GPA higher than 3 are in high level. In other words, 158 students (33.6% of 470 students) are meeting requirements of the national scholarship programs and other scholarships. The calculation of the correlation relationship of the rating point and grades converted to the digit rate that are using in all universities were the positive correlation, linear dependence. For the module with staging Person Correlation 9, its influence rate is 98.7 per cent that shows the highest rate comparing with other modules. To calculate Determination Percentage (r2), the module with staging 9 is 97.4 per cent or these digit grades have the highest capacity to show the rating grade. CONCLUSION Level models are able to rate in points or statistical significant. The high correlation between rating point and digit grade’s and determination percentage in the 9 level module showing more relevant in statistics and reporting capacity. The modules with staging 9, 12, 42 are not meeting requirements of the guidance.

Backround: The university period is a unique phase in students’ lives, often marked by independent living, changes in lifestyle, diet, sleep patterns, increased psychological stress, and the development of unhealthy behaviors. Among students, particularly those studying in the medical field, research on dietary habits and influencing factors is scarce in our country, which serves as the rationale for this study. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the dietary habits of medical students and the factors influencing them, including sleep, impulsivity, depression, anxiety, and stress. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 358 students from years 1 to 6 across 7 schools of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS). Data were collected using internationally standardized and validated questionnaires, including the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire Revised-18 (TFEQ-R18), the Short UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale-20 (SUPPS-P-20), the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0. Results: In terms of eating behavior, uncontrolled eating (UE) and cognitive restraint (CR) were similar between male and female students, while emotional eating (EE) was more prevalent among male students. Students’ eating behaviors were associated with body mass index (BMI). As BMI increased, levels of depression, anxiety, and stress also tended to rise. Sensation-seeking and positive urgency were higher among female students. Overall, 83.5% of students had poor sleep quality, which contributed to increased depression, anxiety, stress, and impulsivity. Psychological burden and impulsivity were independent of the field of study but decreased as students progressed through their academic years, while sleep quality improved. Conclusion The dietary habits of medical students were similar across genders but varied by academic year and field of study. Poor sleep quality, observed in 83.5% of students, was associated with increased depression, anxiety, stress, and impulsivity. Psychological burden and impulsivity were unrelated to the field of study but decreased with advancing academic years, alongside improved sleep quality. As BMI increased, cognitive restraint in eating behaviors decreased.

Background: Hepatitis virus infections are widespread and highly endemic in Mongolia and ranks first in the world for liver cancer mortality per 100,000 population, eight times the world average. The World Health Organization estimates that more than 2 billion people are infected with the hepatitis B virus. Each year, 1 million people die from the infection, 4 million are newly infected, and approximately 350-400 million are chronic carriers. In 2018, 475 cases of viral hepatitis were recorded nationwide, accounting for 1.1 percent of all communicable diseases, a decrease of 59 cases or 0.2 per 10,000 population compared to the previous year. In 2016, 194 WHO member countries joined forces to develop a strategy to reduce viral hepatitis, with the goal of reducing mortality by 65% and new infections by 90% by 2030. In order to achieve this goal, the strategic goal states that each country must conduct a comprehensive public health study and intervention on the spread of infection, risk factors, and early detection. Aim: Study to the coverage of hepatitis B immunization among children aged 0-9 years in urban and rural Mongolia and to determine the influencing factors. Materials and Methods: A Nationwide population based cross-sectional study design was used in this study. Mongolia is geographically divided into the western, Khangai, eastern, and central regions. A total of 14 provinces were selected randomly in addition to Ulaanbaatar city. The appropriate sample size was estimated at 4500 children aged 0-9 years, based on 2019 demographic data from the National Statistics Office. The questionnaire contained closed and semi-closed questions on demographics, socio-economic status, vaccination history and etc. Results: A total of 5027 children aged 0-9 years were enrolled in this study out of which 33.7% (n=1692) and 66.3% (n=3335) were enrolled from capital city Ulaanbaatar and provinces, respectively. Almost half (n=2552) of the study participants were boys whereas the remaining were girls 50.0% (n=2554). According to the history of Hepatitis B vaccination by questionnaire of parents’, 91.2% [91.2-92.0] were vaccinated with Hepatitis B. The proportion was 89.7% [89.7-90.8] and 94.1% [94.1-95.2] in rural and urban areas, respectively. Nearly 90% [89.6-90.5] of children were vaccinated in hospitals, 2.3% [2.0-5.0] were vaccinated at home, 8.1% [7.9-10.7] were unaware of the study participants’ location of vaccination. There were no statistically significant differences by urban and rural residences. Vaccination coverage against Hepatitis B was 91.5% (n=2300) and 90.9% (n=2284) among boys and girls, respectively and 89.6% (n=4506) were vaccinated at hospitals. Vaccination coverage were similar by sex. We also used Health Documents /pink book of children/ or vaccination card for each child to determine the coverage. According to the data from the children’s vaccination card and health documents’, 917 (18.2%) children were not vaccinated against hepatitis, 57 (1.1%) children received 1 dose, 235 (4.7%) children received 2 doses, and 3818 (75.9%) children received all 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine. There was no significant difference by sex, though the coverage varied by age. For instance, proportion of children with no written documentation in the vaccination card was 13.5% among children aged 1 years that increased to 22.5% and 25.3% among children aged 8 and 9 years, respectively. In contrast the coverage rate of 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccination declined from 77.8% to 70.7% among children aged 1 years and 9 years, respectively. Hepatitis B vaccination coverage according to the vaccination card was different by provinces and within the districts of Ulaanbaatar city. Conclusion A total of 5027 children aged 0-9 years were included in the study, of which 917 (18.2%) children were not vaccinated against hepatitis, 57 (1.1%) children were vaccinated against the first dose, 235 (4.7%) children were vaccinated against the second dose, and 3818 (75.9%) children were fully vaccinated against the first-third dose. Although the coverage of the study participants varied depending on age and place of residence, no significant differences were observed in terms of gender. The current rate of children who are not fully vaccinated stands at 18.2%, emphasizing the need to ensure all children receive full vaccinations for hepatitis B and the required five doses as per the schedule. Furthermore, it is essential to mandate booster vaccinations for those with delayed immunizations and improve the accuracy of registration data.

Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 99 percent of the world’s population is exposed to air that exceeds WHO recommendations, with low- and middle-income countries being the most affected. The main causes of indoor air pollution include human activities such as fuel burning, cooking, cleaning, and smoking; housing characteristics such as walls, floors, ceilings, and furniture; ventilation; and outdoor air pollution. Aim : To assess PM1 and PM10 concentrations in 120 selected households in Ulaanbaatar. Materials and Methods : Indoor PM1 and PM10 concentrations were measured using Purple Air real-time sensors in randomly selected Ulaanbaatar households between October 2023 and January 2024. Supplementary data on factors affecting the PM2.5 concentration were collected via questionnaires. Each measurement was taken in 10-minute intervals, yielding 51,309 data for analysis. Results : PM1 concentrations were measured at 55.5±53.2 μg/m³ in gers, 54.9 ± 46.7 μg/m³ in houses, and 31.6±40.1 μg//m³ in apartments (p<0.001) and measuring PM10 concentrations were 110.6±108.6 μg/m³ in gers, 110.6±96.7 μg/m³ in houses, and 62.2±83.0 μg/m³ in apartments (p<0.001) When considering the concentration of PM1, PM10 by heating type, PM1 was 55.3±50.1 μg/m³ and PM10 was 110.6±103.0 μg/m³ in households with stoves and furnaces, and PM1 was 31.6±40.1 μg/m³ and PM10 was 62.2±83.0 μg/m³ in households connected to the central heating system (p<0.001). Regarding the months of measurement, the highest concentration was observed in December 2023, at 77.1±94.1 μg/m³. The highest concentrations for both PM₁ and PM₁₀ were recorded in January 2024, at PM₁: 64.8±55.1 μg/m³, PM₁₀: 131.4±116.0 μg/m³. Conclusion 1. Indoor PM10 concentrations in residential environments in Ulaanbaatar city were within the MNS4585:2016 Air Quality Standard, however, it was exceeded the WHO air quality guidelines, indicating an excessive risk of increasing morbidity and mortality among the population. 2. Indoor PM1 and PM10 concentrations in residential environments in Ulaanbaatar varies depending on location, type of housing, type of heating, and month of measurement.

Background: A 2018 study on the global burden of disease, accidents, and risk factors reported that 1.6 million peo ple died in 2017 due to household air pollution. Poor indoor air quality has been highlighted as a contributing factor to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular conditions, and exacerbation of asthma and allergies. A 2019 study estimated that long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less reduces average life expectancy by 1.8 years, with more severe effects in highly polluted regions. Additionally, a study by Miller et al. (2007) found that prolonged exposure to PM2.5 increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, particularly among women. Direct measurement devices are highly effective in determining indoor PM2.5 concentrations, identifying sources of pollution, tracking pollutant dispersion, and monitoring temporal variations. Studies suggest that direct measurement is an accurate, cost-effective method that provides detailed data suitable for local conditions. Aim: To investigate the indoor air quality of houses and apartments in Darkhan city during the winter season using the Purple Air monitoring device. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a targeted sample of 128 households in Darkhan city. The study examined factors such as stove type, type of coal used, annual and daily coal consumption, frequency of heating, and chimney sealing conditions. To collect data, the Purple Air monitoring device was installed in each house hold for a month, after which it was retrieved. During retrieval, participants completed a questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 55 questions across 7 pages at the time of device installation and 25 questions across 3 pages at the time of device retrieval. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS 25.0. Results: A total of 128 households in Darkhan city participated in the study. The average duration of residence in the current home was 9.5 years, with no statistically significant variation. The distribution of housing types was as follows: traditional Mongolian gers (40.6%), houses (39.1%), and apartments (20.3%). The 24-hour average PM2.5 concentration was highest in gers (70.9 μg/m³), followed by houses (46.8 μg/m³) and apartments (22.8 μg/m³), with a statistically significant difference (p=0.0001). PM2.5 levels were most variable in gers, followed by houses and then apartments. House holds using central heating (apartments) had an average 24-hour PM2.5 concentration of 22.8 μg/m³, whereas households using stoves (gers and houses) had a significantly higher concentration of 59.4 μg/m³ (p=0.0001). However, there was no statistically significant difference between traditional and improved stoves. Among study participants, 21.4% reported that someone in their household smoked indoors. Additionally, 86.5% regularly burned incense, candles, or herbs, while 99.2% did not use an air purifier. Conclusion The indoor particulate matter concentration in houses and gers in Darkhan was 59.4μг/m3. Variations in stove types, poor chimney sealing limited space, and frequent gaps and cracks contribute to increased spread of indoor air pollutants.