Lung cancer is the most common cause of the death from cancers for both male and female in the world. Surgery remains the most effective method for controlling the primary tumour in most cases, but only 20% primary lesions can be resected. 80% patients should be treated by non-surgical methods. In recent years, radiotherapy has a fast development in the equipment and especially in the theory of radiobiology, but the curability of lung cancer still poor. In this paper we discussed the radiotherapy of lung cancer and how to choose the energe of X-ray, design the fields; the proceeding of irradiation; and it is necessary to find out a new regulation for stages that is available to indicate non-surgical treatment.

Burns ; complications ; immunology ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Hypoxia ; etiology ; immunology ; physiopathology ; Ischemia ; etiology ; immunology ; physiopathology

Local recurrence is more frequent in postoperative cervical cancer patients with high-risk factors.It is confirmed that adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy (RT) for the cervical cancer patients after surgery with high-risk factors can improve local control but can't improve the overall survival.Researches show that concurrent chemo-radiotherapy (CCRT) can improve survival rates compared with radiotherapy,but the adverse effects such as leucopenia and gastrointestinal toxicity are observed frequently.Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has been developed to deliver a high radiation dose to an irregular target volume,with relative sparing of adjacent normal tissues.IMRT has excellent local tumor control and overall survival.

Objective To evaluate the effects of nutritional support combined with human growth hormone recombinant (rhGH) in patients with mechanical ventilation. Methods One hundred and fifty cases in ICU were randomized into test group (nutritional support combined with rhGH, 80 cases) and control group (nutritional support,70 cases). Both groups received calories according to Harris-Benedict formula [N, 0.25 g/(kg· d)]. In addition, the test group received subcutaneous injections of rhGH at a dose of 0. 1 U/ (kg· d) for 7 days. The different effects on nutritional status indexes, immunological function indexes and clinical indexes were compared. Results Compared with the control group,there were significant improvement in nutritional status indexes and immunological function indexes after the treatment of 7 days. The success rate of once weaning was higher in test group than that in control group. There were significant differences in the level of transferrin, prealbumin, CD3, CD4, NK between two groups [(3.0 ± 0.6)g/L vs. ( 1.9 ± 0.4) g/L, (226.46 ± 27.02 ) mg/L vs. ( 188.68 ± 17.27 ) mg/L, (53.8 ± 3.3 ) % vs. (47.4 ±4.1 ) %, ( 0.41 ± 0.14 ) % vs. (0.25 ± 0.05 ) %, ( 16.1 ± 2.1 ) % vs. ( 10.9 ± 3.0 ) %] ( P ＜ 0.01 ). Conclusion rhGH combined with nutritional support has more effects on improving nutritional status compared with those of single nutritional support. It has significant adjustment effect on immunological function in patients with mechanical ventilation.

Objective Establish a method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of paraquat dichloride in organs in rat by UPLC-MS/MS and study the rat animal model poisoned by intragastric administration of paraquat dichloride to investigate the postmortem distribution of paraquat dichloride in poisoning death rat. Methods The rats were given an intragastric administration of 1/2LD50 Paraquat dichloride. The rats were dissected at 0.5h, 2h, 4h, 8h, 12h, 24h, 48h, 72h respectively after the intragastric administration. The specimens of -the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, brain, muscle, bladder and stomach-were collected and analyzed immediately. Qualitative and quantitative analysis were performed by UPLC-MS/MS. Results Within 4h, stomach is the main distribution organ. The content of paraquat dichloride is the highest in stomache and relatively low in other organs. The concentration of organization except stomach changed little within 4h. The concentration of stomach has a sharp decline after 4h. The concentration in organs except stomach has a sharp rise after 4h. There is a significant difference(P<0.05) between each organs and brain. Conclusion There was a postmortem maldistribution of paraquat dichloride in poisoning death rats and the concentration in organs changes with time. The analysis method of UPLC-MS/MS and postmortem distribution of paraquat dichloride can be applied to the forensic identification of paraquat dichloride poisoning death and provide direction for delete this part toxicology analysis.

Adenocarcinoma ; pathology ; secondary ; surgery ; Adult ; Bone Marrow Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; secondary ; Female ; Humans ; Postoperative Period ; Stomach Neoplasms ; pathology ; surgery

Adult ; Cardiac Catheterization ; instrumentation ; Device Removal ; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial ; therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Retreatment

Background and purpose:Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) are receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) that regulate and control cellular proliferation, differentiation and survival. BAD is the proapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family that plays an important role in the control of apoptosis especially in tumor cells. However, little is known about the expression of these important proteins in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in relation to tumor pathology.We studied the expression of EGFR, VEGFR, BAD and phospho-BAD in NSCLC cases and correlated with tumor pathology.Methods:Immunohistochemistry of tissue microarray (TMA) sections was used to study the expression of EGFR, VEGFR, BAD and phospho-BAD in a series of 51 NSCLC cases (26 adenocarcinomas, 16 squamous cell carcinomas, 8 large cell carcinomas and 1 large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma).Results:Overexpression of EGFR and VEGFR was observed in 10 of 51 (20%) and 14 of 51 (27%) cases, respectively. Large cell carcinomas did not demonstrate VEGFR expression (0/8 cases) in contrast to squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in which VEGFR expression was observed in 7 of 16 (44%) and 7 of 26 (27%) cases, respectively. EGFR and VEGFR expression was not statistically correlated with gender, tumor cell differentiation, or pathological aggressiveness (measured by pleural invasion, vascular invasion, lymph node metastatic status, intrapulmonary and brain metastasis). Loss of BAD protein expression was observed in 22 of 51 (43%) cases with significant differences among the subtypes of NSCLC. Loss of BAD protein expression was identified in 10 of 16 (63%) squamous cell carcinomas, 5 of 8 (63%) large cell carcinomas and 7 of 26 (27%) adenocarcinomas, with a P value of 0.04. Overexpression of phospho-BAD was observed in 25 of 51 (49%) cases; 13 of 26 (50%) adenocarcinomas, 8 of 16 (50%) squamous cell carcinomas and 4 of 8 (50%) of large cell carcinomas. Loss of BAD protein expression and overexpression of phospho-BAD was not statistically correlated with pathological aggressiveness by the measures mentioned above.Conclusions:Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung is more likely, and large cell carcinoma is least likely to demonstrate increased VEGFR protein expression. Significant loss of BAD protein expression was observed in squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma. Overexpression of EGFR, VEGFR, phospho-BAD, and loss of BAD expression, did not demonstrate significant correlation with pathological aggressiveness of NSCLC. However, expression of these receptor tyrosine kinases and the mediators directly involved in apoptosis in NSCLC could be used as potential targets for developing a multi targets-oriented therapy in the future.

Background and purpose: Radiation therapy is still the most primary treatment of brain metastases, and prognosis is affected by many factors. The aim of this study was to identify the prognostic factors and to establish a prognostic index model in patients with brain metastases after whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT). Methods: We reviewed the clinical date of 140 patients with brain metastases radiotherapy in our hospital from Jan. 2008 to Jul. 2011. The signiifcance of prognostic variables in the survival was resulted from both univariate analysis and multivariate analysis. The prognostic index (PI) was established based on Cox regression analysis and subgrouping values. It was assessed whether recursive partitioning analysis classes (RPA), basic score for brain metastases (BS-BM) and the graded prognostic assessment index (GPA) were related to prognosis. Results:The median survival time was 222 days. The univariate analysis showed that the independent prognostic factors were KPS performance status, number of brain metastases, presence of extracranial metastases, primary tumor status, radiation dose, hemoglobin. The multivariate analysis showed that KPS performance status (P=0.002, Wald=9.700), presence of extracranial metastases (P=0.018, Wald=5.604) and primary tumor status (P=0.001, Wald=10.212) were signiifcantly correlated with overall survival. RPA, BS-BM and GPA were closely related to their prognosis by Log-rank test. In predicting 3 months and 6 months of survival for patients, PI was better than other modes. Conclusion:Our data suggest that the 3 indexes RPA,BS-BM and GPA are valid prognostic index models, but PI model is better.

The prognosis of patients with brain metastases from non-small cell lung cance (NSCLC) is dismal,and whole brain radiation therapy(WBRT) cannot simultaneously control the extracranial lesions.Study results of Tyrosine kinase inhibitor(TKI) for brain metastases in patients with lung cancer are encouraging,and treatment efficacy is related to EGFR mutation status.The sensitizing theoretical foundation exists in utilizing erlotinib combined with WBRT for the treatment in brain metastases patients with lung cancer.Currently,a small clinical trial data shows that erlotinib combined with WBRT has better efficacy compared to erlotinib alone,and the toxicity can be tolerated.