Objective To investigate the relationship between individual pharmacokinetics characteristics of cyclosporine (CsA) and the occurrence of acute rejection episodes or CsA-induced nephrotoxicities in kidney transplants. Methods The whole blood CsA concentrations were assayed 7 days after oral admi- nistration with a dosage of 6 mg/kg daily in 47 recipients. The blood samples drawn just prior to ingestion of the dose and subsequently at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 h later were monitored with TDX. Recipients were grouped according to the varied situations of kidney transplant functions within one month after pharmacokinetics monitoring. Pharmacokinetics parameters of C_0, C_ max , T_ max , CL/F, T_ 1/2(a) , T_ 1/2(e) and AUC in each group were calculated and compared among the groups. Results Of 47 recipients, 12 cases had experienced AR episodes, 7 cases had suffered CsA-NT, and the remaining 26 cases survived with stable graft functions. Major pharmacokinetics parameters in AR group were T_ 1/2(a) , T_ 1/2(e) , CL/F, T_ max and AUC, which were significantly different from the corresponding parameters in the group with stable graft function. Pharmacokinetics curve of AR group was characterized with a earlier T_ max (usually less than 2 h), a sharp absorb peak and a abbreviated AUC, T_ 1/2(e) , CL/F, T_ max , and AUC in CsA-NT group, which was also significantly varied from that in the stable group. The curve of CsA-NT group, with a delayed T_ max (often more than 2 h), a broad absorb peak or double peaks, however, was predominantly distinguished from the previous AR curve. Levels of C_0 in the three groups were comparable when AR or CsA-NT occurred. Conclusion Pharmacokinetics monitoring accomplished by multiple point CsA level samples over the entire 12 h dosing interval is a more accurate assessment for drug exposure. It is suggested that patients who absorb and eliminate CsA quickly are likely to experience AR episodes. Meanwhile, those poor eliminators are at risk to suffer CsA-NT.

Objective To investigate the situation of the activities of daily living(ADL)for elderly people in Changsha,and analyze the influencing factors. Methods Questionnaire survey on ADL was held in 2239 elderly people(ranging from 60 to 91 years old),and the influencing factors including age,sex,family structure,marital status,education level,occupation,common chronic diseases and medical care consciousness were analyzed. Results Going to the toilet irregularly hadthe highest injury rate in physical self-maintenance viability(18.2%).But in instrumental ADL,the highest injury rate occurred while shopping(26.3%).Advanced age,living alone,losing spouse,sickness and the lack of medical care awareness were the major factors that influenced the ADL of the elderly people. Conclusions The ADL is an important indicator which reflects the health condition of elderly people.Advanced age,living alone,losing spouse,having many chronic diseases and lacking in medical care awareness are risk factors.

Objective To assess the immune protective effect of donor spleen perfusion on the renal allografts in specific sensitized canine recipients.Methods Male dogs were operated as donors and recipients for kidney transplantation.Eighteen dogs were previously sensitized by a method of multi-infusion of small number of lymphocytes from a paired donor and were then randomly divided into 3 groups equally.In donor specific spleen perfusion group,the artery and vein of the excised do- nor canine spleen were connected to the abdominal aortic artery and inferior vena cava of the recipient with processed fistula tubes,perfused at a speed of 18-25 ml/min for 40 min and then kidney from the same donor was transplanted to the recipient;In non-specific spleen perfusion group,the methods of excised spleen perfusion and kidney transplantation were indifferent to the above group except for the organs which removed from a non-specific donor;In control group,kidney transplantations were per- formed after an exclusion time of 40 min in the open abdominal surgery.Cross-match between paired dogs monitored by means of complement dependent cytotoxicity(CDC)and mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC)test before and after donor spleen perfusion was investigated.Rejection episodes and serum creatinine level in each group were assessed after kidney transplantation.Results Immune sensitization was successfully induced in all 3 groups after 3 to 4 times of donor lymphocyte stimulations.CDC as well as lymphocytes proliferation in MLC and CH50 of recipients was significantly declined after spe- cific spleen perfusion,and white blood cell count in peripheral blood also decreased transiently.After kidney transplantation between the paired sensitized dogs,the advanced rate of renal allograft function deterioration was slower in specific spleen perfusion group than in other two groups.The pathologic investigation suggested that severity of rejection in spleen perfusion group was milder than in other two groups.Conclusions Donor spleen perfusion can present a specific absorption efficacy for pre- formed antibodies and activated lymphocytes in sensitized recipients,as well as simultaneously deplete part of platelets in peripheral blood.So donor spleen perfusion may delay the presenting time of rejec- tion in early phase after kidney transplantation between the paired sensitized dogs,ameliorate the se- verity of rejection so as to improve the renal allograft function.

ObjectiveTo observe the influence of medical exercise on rehabilitation of patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods26 COPD patients who were organized in the form of training class practised medical exercise for three months. Respiratory function, exercise capacity and psychological health level were assessed respectively before and after exercise.ResultsValues of forced vital capacity(FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), FVC% , FEV1/ FVC and 6-minute walking distance (6MD) were significantly higher after medical exercise than before(P<0.01). Anxiety and depression scores also notably dropped after medical exercise than before(P<0.01).Conclusions Medical exercise can remarkably improve respiratory and moving capacity and decrease anxiety and depression of patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Objective : To investigate the clinical efficacy of prosthesis retained by metal clasp and flexible clasp in the repair of type Ⅴ maxillary defects after tumor resection. Methods: 23 maxillary tumor surgical patients were selected in this study and restored with maxillofacial prosthesis. Total 24 prosthesis combined with metal clasp and flexible dentures were followed up for half a year to 2 years. Results : After the application of prosthesis, better maxillofacial appearances are presented in all of the patients, Watian drinking water tests are improved to grade Ⅰ or Ⅱ from grade Ⅳ or Ⅴ in 21 patients, there was significant difference (P < 0.05); Soft diet can be masticated on affected side in 15 patients; The mean speech intelligibility score with and without prosthesis were (83.2 ± 7.3)% and (36.6 ± 5.6)%, there was significant difference (P < 0.05); Favorable hygienic situations of oral cavity and prosthesis are maintained in 18 patients. Conclusion Prosthesis combined with metal clasp and flexible denture performed favorable clinical efficacy and contributed to improve the living quality and mental health after tumor resection.

Objective To analyze psychological status of the donors and the recipients before and after the relative kidney transplantation.Method Symptom checklist 90 (SCL-90) were performed for 147 renal transplant recipients and donors preoperative and postoperative.Statistical analysis were performed to analyze the scores between the recipients,donors and normal standards.Results Over 90％ recipients were of obvious anxiety preoperative.The scores of most factors of recipients were significantly higher than those of donors.The scores of somatization,interpersonal sensitivity,depression,anxiety,hostility,phobia and paranoia between two groups has statistical significance(P＜0.05).Part of recipients retest SCL-90 3 month after operation,the data showed that the scores of somatization,interpersonal sensitivity,depression,anxiety,hostility were obviously declined after operation(P＜0.05).And the test also showed that most of the donors were willing to help preoperative.Conclusion Preoperative psychological test was useful in preoperational psychological intervention for transplantation recipients.It can increase the safety of the recipients during perioperative period.

Objective To evaluate the effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) on myocardial damage induced by renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods Thirty pathogen-free male Wistar rats,weighing 250-300 g,were randomized into 3 groups (n =10 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (S group); myocardial damage induced by renal I/R group (I/R group); NaHS group.Renal I/R was induced by occlusion of the left kidney for 120 min followed by 60 min reperfusion in anesthetized rats.In NaHS group,NaHS 100 μg/kg was injected intraperitoneally at 20 min before reperfusion.At the end of reperfusion,the rats were sacrificed and the hearts were obtained for determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in myocardial tissues and for microscopic examination.Results Compared with S group,MDA content was significantly increased,and GSH-Px activity was decreased in I/R and NaHS groups.Compared with I/R group,MDA content was significantly decreased,and GSH-Px activity was increased in NaHS group.The pathological changes of myocardium were significantly attenuated in NaHS group as compared with I/R group.Conclusion Exogenous H2 S can alleviate myocardial damage induced by renal I/R in rats.

Objective To study the effects of oral rehydration with the solution of pyruvate-glucoseelectrolyte (PGES) by comparison with the bicarbonate-glucose-electrolyte solution (BGES) on resuscitation in rats with lethal hemorrhagic shock.Methods Sixty adult male SD rats with intra-gastric tube,and cannulation of femoral artery and vein were subjected to 45％ total blood volume loss from the femoral artery,and then randomly divided into three groups (n =20 in each group):no fluid resuscitation group (NR),oral fluid resuscitation with the PGES group (PGES) and oral fluid resuscitation with the BGES group (BGES).In NR group,the animals received no fluid replacement or any other treatment.Rats in PGES and BGES groups were infused intra-gastrically with pre-warmed PGES or BGES in volume of 2 times shed blood given at 30 min after hemorrhage and completed within 6 hours.Blood samples in each group were collected from the abdominal aorta before or at 0,1,2,4 h post hemorrhage to detect serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT),creatinine (Cr),creatine phosphate kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (iFABP).Another 84 rats randomly divided into four groups:NR group (n =24),PGES group (n =24),BGES group (n =24),and no hemorrhage group (NH group,n =12).Rats in the three hemorrhage groups were treated the same as described above,and the rats in NH group underwent the same surgical procedure without hemorrhage were served as the sham group.All these rats were observed for their 24-hour survival rates.Results The 24-hour survival rates of PGES and BGES groups were both significantly higher than the rate of NR group (11/24 vs.1/24,x2 =18.087,P ＜0.01 ; 5/24 vs.1/24,x2 =6.445,P ＜ 0.05) ; the survival rate of PGES group was also significantly higher than that of BGES group (11/24 vs.5/24,x2 =4.02,P ＜ 0.05).All levels of ALT,CK-MB,Cr and iFABP in both the NR group and two oral resuscitation groups at 1 h,2 h and 4 h post hemorrhage were significantly higher than those before the blood loss,respectively (P ＜ 0.01).These biomarkers at 2 h,4 h post hemorrhage were significantly lower in the PGES and BGES groups than those in NR group (P ＜ 0.01) ; the serum levels of ALT,CK-MB,Cr and iFABP were significantly lower in the PGES group than those in the BGES group at 2 h and 4 h post hemorrhage,respectively (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Present results demonstrated that the pyruvate-enriched oral re-hydration solution (ORS =PGES) was more effective in preserving the organ function and prolonging the animal survival after resuscitation of lethal hemorrhagic shock in comparison with the bicarbonate-containing ORS (BGES).The oral re-hydration solution (PGES) recommended by the World Hygiene Organization (WHO ORS) may require further improvement in oral resuscitation of shock and the PGES may be recommended as a choice of oral re-hydration salts in the treatment of lethal hemorrhagic shock when intravenous administration is not available.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of Zhang's acupoint pressure therapy plus electroacupuncture (EA) in treating post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis.Methods:A total of 98 eligible patients with post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis were divided into group A and B by the random number table, 49 cases in each group. Group A was intervened by Zhang's acupoint pressure therapy plus EA; group B was given medicinal fumigation. The clinical efficacies of the two groups were compared.Results:The markedly effective rate of group A was significantly higher than that of group B.Conclusion:Zhang's acupoint pressure therapy plus EA can produce a satisfactory clinical efficacy in treating post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis, and is worth promotion.

With the development and exploration in clinical applications, such as the novel applications in gastro-intestine, liver, heart, thyroid, breast, pediatrics and abdominal fistula, contrast enhanced ultrasound has played important role in precision diagnosis and targeted therapies. The progressive applications of contrast enhanced ultrasound in various organs, together with an analytic expectation for the further applications were mainly focused on in this article.