This article examines the nature of professional self-regulation and clarifies its basis. Traditionally, the western principle of self-regulation has been grounded in social contract theory. However, we argue here that this very analysis results in a weak moral foundation, and it often causes regulatory capture. In support of this argument, we clarify the structure of self-regulation from utilitarian and social contract theory perspectives. We show conclusively that this structure has an intimate relationship with the failure of professional self-regulation. We thus present an alternative view of the nature of self-regulation from Rawlsian theory. We maintain that genuine self-regulation of a community requires grounding not only in social contract theory, but also an appropriate moral philosophical theory.
Self-Control*

Introduction: Self-medication has become an important issue among university students. There is a trend in prevalence of self-medication. This study was aimed to 1) assess the prevalence of self-medication, 2) identify the patterns and attitudes towards self-medication practices, and 3) examine socio-demographic characteristics factors correlate of self-medication among university students in Jordan. Methods: A descriptive-correlational design and a stratification random sampling method were used. A self-administered questionnaire was used, which consists of socio-demographic characteristics, information about the patterns of self-medication, and attitudes towards self-medication practices. Results: The prevalence of self-medication was 98.4%. Painkillers (paracetamol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory), antibiotics, and herbals were the most commonly used medicines. Pain (e.g., a headache, toothache, muscle, joint, and abdomen) was the most common symptoms of practicing self-medication. Previous experience, emergency situation, and minor diseases were the main reasons for self-medication use. Pharmacists, family, and physicians were the major sources of drug information for self-medication. Students had high positive attitudes towards self-medication and had awareness of adverse effects of medicines. There was a relationship between gender, health status, and self-medication. Conclusions: The results of the study could help to develop strategies and strong policies to promote the logical use of medicine among university students. The university should develop education and prevention measures and implement a self-medication program based on students’ attitudes towards self-medication. Drug regulatory and health authorities should enforce restrict application of rules regarding selling and purchasing of self-medication, and design messages targeting to raise awareness regarding the hazards of self-medication.
Self-medication

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between self-efficacy, general health and burnout of the staff at Shahroud University of Medical Sciences.METHODS: In 2015, 249 staff at Shahroud University of Medical Sciences (from a total reference population of 520 staff members) were selected through stratified random sampling. To collect the data, Sherer self-efficacy Scale, General Health Questionnaire and Maslach Burnout Inventory were used. The collected data were analyzed through ANOVA, Pearson correlation and Chi-square tests using SPSS 16. The relationship between self-efficacy, general health and burnout (latent factors) were studied using structural equation modeling with Stata 14.RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 36.97 ± 7.60 years, and the mean number of years work experience was 12.29 ± 7.57. The mean scores of general health, self-efficacy and burnout were 28.24 ± 11.14, 62.30 ± 9.21 and 81.67 ± 22.18, respectively. The results of the study showed a statistically significant relationship between self-efficacy and general health which equals −0.32. A statistically significant relationship also existed between burnout scores and general health scores (beta = 0.78).CONCLUSION: The results showed that high self-efficacy improves the general health of employees at the Shahroud University of Medical Sciences and reduces burnout. Special attention should be paid to self-efficacy in the prevention of burnout.
Self Efficacy

Background: Diabetes self-management is a fundamental aspect of diabetes care and has a significant impact on diabetes- related mortality and morbidity. Assessment of self-care management is thus essential for clinicians and educators seeking better outcomes. However, there are no Filipino-validated tools to objectively measure this. Methodology: A cross-sectional analytic study was done among adult Type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) patients at the Ilocos Training and Regional Medical Center (ITRMC) Department of Internal Medicine outpatient clinic and three private diabetes clinics to determine the reliability and validity of the Filipino-translated Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) and its association with glycemic control as measured using glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values and categorized into good (< 7%), moderate (7-8.9%) and poor (> 9%) control. The English version of the DSMQ was translated to Filipino using forward-backward translation. The pre-tested Filipino translated questionnaire was then distributed to the participants and the responses were analyzed using Cronbach’s alpha, Pearson’s coefficient, and one–way analyses of variance. Results: There were a total of 78 respondents. The test-retest reliability showed a statistically significant correlation (p < 0.05). All the items showed a high difficulty index. Known group validity was computed based on categorized HbA1c values. DSMQ sum scores and subscales showed no significant differences among the three categories of glycemic control. Conclusion The Filipino-translated DSMQ is a reliable tool for measuring the self-care of Filipinos with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Future research using it with a larger sample size and analysis for other factors affecting diabetes control may be better able to demonstrate its association with glycemic control.
self-management

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted students' lives and daily routines, resulting in increased stress and mental health issues that impact their perceived life satisfaction and self-efficacy. While life satisfaction and self-efficacy may influence student academic performance and success, current data on life satisfaction and self-efficacy in Filipino occupational therapy students is limited. Objectives: This study aims to describe the life satisfaction and self-efficacy level of occupational therapy students at a university in Metro Manila, Philippines, during the COVID-19 pandemic and explore the relationship between these two variables. Methods: The study adopted an analytic cross-sectional study design and records review methodology utilizing the Student Life Survey 2021 database. Data from the survey participants who fit the study's inclusion criteria were extracted to determine their life satisfaction and self-efficacy based on their responses on the Satisfaction with Life Scale and Self-Efficacy Formative Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics using measures of central tendency and dispersion were used to analyze data. Spearman-Rho correlation analysis was performed to examine the correlation between participants’ life satisfaction and self-efficacy. Results: A total of 205 occupational therapy students completed the survey. Results reveal that the participants were slightly dissatisfied with their lives (M=18.45; SD=1.52) and that they had satisfactory or adequate self-efficacy (M=64.66; SD=1.37). An analysis of their self-efficacy scores reveals that participants had a poor belief in their personal ability (M=37.71; SD=1.33) and a satisfactory or adequate belief that their ability can grow with effort (M=26.92; SD=1.32). Life satisfaction and self-efficacy were found to decrease as the participants’ year level increased. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed a statistically significant moderate correlation between participants’ life satisfaction and self-efficacy (⍴=0.40, p<0.05). Conclusion The participants have a slightly dissatisfied level of life satisfaction and a satisfactory or adequate level of self-efficacy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Life satisfaction and self-efficacy were found to have moderate correlation. Online learning adjustments, pandemic restrictions, and societal expectations are factors that may have influenced these findings, as emphasized in existing studies. This study may inform the academe in modifying existing learning environments and providing enhancement programs to deliberately target these constructs influencing overall academic performance.
Self Efficacy

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of resistance exercise program for elders with type 2 Diabetes on the self care, stress and HbA1c. METHODS: Thirty three elders with type 2 Diabetes(18 experimental and 15 control subjects) were selected conveniently among the aged who had been enrolled in a community senior center. The subjects in experimental group participated in a resistance exercise program for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using the SPSS/Win 12.0. RESULTS: The resistance exercise program showed a statistical difference in self care(t=-4.39, p=.000) and stress(t=2.22, p=.034). However, there was not a statistical difference in HbA1c (F=.556, p=.557), but experimental group had decreased continuously in HbA1c after the program. CONCLUSION: The resistance exercise program improved self care and reduced the stress in the elders with type 2 Diabetes. Therefore, resistance exercise program can be applied as an effective nursing intervention to promote self care, decrease the stress and to prevent complication for the elders with type 2 Diabetes.
Aged ; Humans ; Self Care

PURPOSE: This study was to identify the relationship among self-management, economic stability, self-esteem, self-achievement and predictor of the self-achievements in elders. METHODS: A total of 294 subjects aged between 60 and 92 were selected through convenient sampling. Data were collected by self-reported questionnaire from May to June, 2008. Collected data were analysed by the SPSS/WIN 15.0 program. RESULTS: Self-management, economic stability, self-esteem, self-achievement were positively correlated. The most significant predictor of self-achievement in elders were self-management and self-esteem. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that self-achievement is influenced by self-management and self-esteem and needed for aged well.
Self Care ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.
Delphi Technique* ; Self Care*

No abstract available.
Delphi Technique* ; Self Care*

No abstract available.
Professionalism* ; Self-Control*