Background: Chorioamnionitis, defined as an infection of the chorionic and amniotic membranes, is a significant contributor to maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The condition triggers an inflammatory immune response between the mother and fetus, thereby increasing the risk of preterm delivery and neonatal infection. Globally, chorioamnionitis occurs in approximately 2–4% of term deliveries and 40–70% of preterm births, with an inverse relationship to gestational age. In 2015, an expert panel led by the U.S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development recommended replacing the term “chorioamnionitis” with the broader concept of intrauterine infection or inflammation, abbreviated as “Triple I,” and proposed diagnostic criteria based on six clinical indicators. Aim: To identify intrauterine infection (chorioamnionitis) among pregnant women using the “Triple I” diagnostic criteria. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using medical records from women who delivered at Urguu Maternity Hospital in 2024. Data were collected from archival records, including clinical signs, physical examination findings, laboratory results, and histopathological analyses, in accordance with the “Triple I” criteria established by the U.S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Of the total 5,838 deliveries recorded in 2024, 326 cases were selected and analyzed. Result: The mean age of the pregnant women included in the study was 31.5±6.4 years (range: 15–44 years). Of all births, 91.1% were preterm and 8.9% were term. Gestational age ranged from 28 to 44 weeks, with a mean of 35.1±1.7 weeks and an additional 2.5±2.1 days. Among the 29 term mothers diagnosed with chorioamnionitis, 38% developed fever during labor or in the postpartum period, whereas 62% had no history of fever. According to the “Triple I” criteria for intrauterine infection, fever was observed in 17 cases (5.2%), while 6 cases (35.3%) were classified as suspected. Among the suspected cases, placental histopathological examination confirmed inflammation and infection in 1 case (5.8%), thereby establishing the diagnosis of chorioamnionitis. Comparison of preterm and term mothers based on the “Triple I” criteria showed that clinical signs were less pronounced in preterm births; however, infection progression and diagnostic confirmation were more frequent compared with term births. Conclusion 1. Chorioamnionitis was suspected in 5.2% of pregnant women, with histopathological confirmation in approximately one in seven cases. 2. Based on the “Triple I” criteria, clinical manifestations were more frequently observed in term mothers, whereas chorioamnionitis was more commonly confirmed by placental histopathology in preterm mothers.

Background: There is an attitude to prefer bio preparation made from raw materials of plants, animals and minerals to medicines made under synthetic method in today’s world. Also, traditional Mongolian medicine is rising and studying in detail medicinal plants which are used in traditional Mongolian medicine from ancient time. As well as it interested in defining dependence between substances and its biological activity.
Therefore, we have chosen Dracocephalum foetidum Bge which has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions such as oral cavity diseases, rheumatic edema and wounds. In addition the leaves and flowers of Dracocephalum foetidum Bge are used as traditional medicine among Mongolian nomads to wash their faces and hands to prevent bacterial and fungal infections. The flowers of the plant are used for fever and suppurative diseases.
There have been few studies on D. foetidum, and the only report on chemical constituents, mainly focused on the essential oil components that are effective against bacteria. Therefore, it is important to study the specific chemical characteristics and physiological roles of constituents of D. foetidum.
The sediments of the genus are found in the northern hemisphere of Lamiaceae, which grows over 60 species. In Mongolia, there are 17 species, which are abundant in the northern and eastern parts of the country. Purpose and objectives: We aimed to study the Dracocephalum foetidum Bge plant, which was used in traditional Mongolian medicine, and has set the following objectives.
These include:
• Isolation and purification of chemical constituents from aerial parts of Dracocephalum foetidum Bge
• Structure elucidation of isolated compounds Innovative research: We have isolated and structure elucidated total of 6 compounds including Rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid trimer, acacetin, acacetin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide, acacetin -7-O- (3-O-malonyl) -β-D-glucuronide.
From this plant, the only glycosides that have not been distinguished before are the acacetins and lutleolins. Materials and methods:
○ 1H NMR (400 MHz) and 13C NMR (100 MHz), 1H-1H COSY, HMQC (optimized for 1JC-H = 145 Hz), and HMBC (optimized for nJC-H = 8 Hz) spectra were recorded on a JNM-AL400 FT-NMR spectrometer (Jeol Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), and chemical shifts are given as δ values with TMS as an internal standard. HRFABMS data were obtained on a JMS700 mass spectrometer (Jeol Ltd.), using either an m-nitrobenzyl alcohol or glycerol matrix.
○ A porous polymer gel (Diaion HP-20, 60 Ч 300 mm, Mitsubishi Chemical Co., Tokyo, Japan) and octadecyl silica (ODS) (Cosmosil 140 C18-OPN, 150 g, Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) were used for column chromatography.
○ Preparative HPLC was performed on a Jasco 2089 and detected with UV at 210 nm (columns, Cosmosil AR-II, 20 Ч 250 mm, Nacalai Tesque; Cosmosil 5PE-MS, 20 Ч 250 mm, Nacalai Tesque; Develosil C30 UG-5, 20 Ч 250 mm, Nomura Chemical Co. Ltd., Aichi, Japan; Mightysil RP-18 GP, 10 Ч 250 mm, Kanto Chemical Co. Inc., Tokyo, Japan). Conclusions
1. A total of six compounds isolated and purified from acetone extract of aerial parts of Dracocephalum foetidum Bge. using column chromatography and HPLC method.
2. Structure elucidation of the molecular structure of the compounds using the nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopic methods
Rosmarinic acid (1), caffeic acid trimer (2), acacetin (3), acacetin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide (4), acacetin -7-O- (3-O-malonyl)-β-D-glucuronide (5), luteolin

“Tanjur” is the greatest sutra written on thick Chinese muutuu paper with red nature dust paint size 22,7 x 71,8 cm and has 107839 pages. It is the largest collection of ten great and small sciences (philosophy, technology, logic, medicine, philology, astrology, model dance, poetics, Abhidarma, and composition) created by ancient Indian and Tibetan scientists and panditas. The Mongolian dust paint printed Tanjur had been translated from Tibetan into Mongolian by over 200 translators under the supervision of reincarnated Janjaa Rolbiidorj and Shireet Luvsandambiinyam between 1741 and 1742 and had been printed in Beijing between 1742 and 1749.
To print “Mongolian Tanjur” from blocks, 2160.9 ounces of silver were used. The “Mongolian Tanjur” contains 8 Indian Ayurvedic medical books. As a result of this research, we have briefly explained each of the 8 Ayurvedic medical books. Namely:
1. “One Hundred Medical Preparations” composed by Nagarjuna Acharya,
2. “Medical Advice for Longevity” composed by Nagarjuna Acharya,
3. “Ritual Ava Medicine” composed by Nagarjuna Acharya,
4. “Essence of Eight Branches” written by master Vagbhata,
5. “An Explanation of Medical Practices called “The Essence of the Eight Branches” written by master Vagbhata,
6. “A Commentary on the Essence of the Eight Branches called Rays of Moonlight on the Meaning of the Words” written by the Kashmiri Candranandana,
7. “Lexicon of Medical Terms from the Commentary on the Essence of Eight Branches” written by the Kashmiri Candranandana and
8.“A powerful healer to treats all diseases and promotes physical strength” written by Sivadasa.
Ayurveda is perceived as one of the most ancient and well-documented systems of medicine, equally relevant in modern times. Its holistic approach, whether for healthy individuals or diseased ones, remains unparalleled. Prevention of disease and promotion of health are the main objectives of Ayurveda. Ayurveda is an ancient medicine system of the Indian subcontinent. It is said to have originated in India about 5000 years back. The word Ayurveda is a conjugation of two Sanskrit words, “ayus,” meaning “life,” and “Veda,” meaning “science,” thus, it literally means the 'science of life. Unlike other medicinal systems, Ayurveda focuses more on healthy living than the treatment of diseases.

Background: In 2011-2020, WHO approved the Global Strategy for Traditional Medicine. The strategy states that "The trend of using traditional medicine and alternative medicine as a source and resource for health care is expanding worldwide."
In this regard, it is important to develop a policy and methodology to develop a proper combination of traditional and modern medicine. Also, there are demands to study and solve the problems of ensuring the safe, effective, quality, availability, and appropriate use of medicines and treatments. Purpose: Finding traditional medicinal recipes containing the herb Veronica incana L from the ancient Mongolian medical books written by famous Mongolian scientists Jambalchoizhidanzanperenlei, Luvsandorj, and Jigmeddanzanjamts. Research materials and methods:
1. Research materials: Jambalchoijidanzanperenlei. gso rig bstan bcos mtha' dag gi snying po rnams phyogs gcig tu bsdus pa man ngag rin chen 'byung gnas bzhugs so. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. Luvsandorj. sman sbyar tshad kyi skor rnams che long tsam phyogs gcig tu bkod ba kun phan bdud rtsi'i snying bo zhes bya ba bzhugs so). Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. Jigmeddanzanjamts. rgya badmkhas grub du ma'i gzhung lugs dam pa gong ma rnams kyi man ngag zhal shes lag len myong grub gnad don gnyen po ngo sprod mdzub tshugs dmar khrid kyi bkod pa mthong ba don gsal dga' byed snying po'i rnam gsal bzhugs so. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script.
2. Research methods: Methods of textual analysis for ancient books and checklist methods were used in the study. Conclusion Medicinal recipes containing the herb Veronica Incana L were sampled from the ancient medical books surveyed. There are 6 recipes in the book of Jambalchojidanzanperenlei, 3 recipes in the book of Luvsandorj, and 2 in the book of Jigmeddanzanjamts, a total of 11 ingredients. In general, these ancient medical books had a significant impact on the development of traditional Mongolian medicinal prescriptions. Therefore, even today, these works are still important in the theory of pharmaceutical composition and the practice of drug therapy.

Background: Medicinal plant research has been successfully carried out in the field of pharmacy and pharmacology in Mongolia, and dozens of research projects are still being carried out However, there are still fewer studied medicinal plants of practical importance growing in Mongolia. Therefore, there is a need to register and study the ancient medicinal books written by ancient Mongolian doctors about the relatively lilUe-studied Veronica Incana L plant. In addition, taking into account that scientific research on Veronica Incana L. which grows in Mongolia, has not been done in the field of medicine, the topic was selected for research in this field. Purpose: Comparing the information of the ancient medical books written by Mongolian doctors and scientists, who wrote about Veronica Incana L, to clarify the taste, power, and quality Research materials and methods:
1. Research materials: Sumbe khamba Ishoaljir. gso dpyad bdud rtsi 'i chu rgyun gyi cha lag gi nang tshan gyi sman so so'i mngon brjod dang ngos 'dzin shel dkar me long. Wooden printing block with Tibetan schpl. Toin Jambaldorj. gso byed bdud rtsi'i 'khrul med ngos 'dzin bzo rig me long du rnam par shar ba mdzes mtshar mig rgyan zhes bya ba bzhugs so. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script.
2. Research methods: Methods of textual analysis for ancient books and checklist methods were used in the study. Conclusion Gandhabhatra plant is used in traditional Mongolian medicinal practice from ancient times, the plant is called Veronica Incana L in Lalin. Also called Buural gandbadraa in Mongolian. On the other hand, the traditional medical doctors of China's Inner Mongolia and Tibet use Gandbadraa, the Latin name Gnaphalium affine D. Don. The appearance, shape, and color of the flowers of these two plants are different According to the research of the source, the main instruction and usage of the plants are the same: to deslroy benign tumors, lo remove poison, to treat colds, and to stop cough.

Abstract Secondary metabolites present in the plants are predominantly responsible for treating various ailments. Secondary metabolites are also called as plant constituents or natural compounds which exert significant pharmacological and toxicological effects in humankind. The chemical compounds present in the plant sources are categorized as primary and secondary metabolites based on the chemical structure and biosynthetic derivation. These substances are called plants secondary metabolites. One of the most important of secondary metabolites is Tannins. Tannins are phenolic compounds, secondary metabolites of plants widespread in terrestrial and aquatic natural environments. As they can be found in plenty of plants and herbs, they have been traditionally used for medicinal and other purposes, such as the leather industry. This fact is explained by the fact that they exert plenty of different biological activities and, thus, they entail a great potential to be used in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industry.
Among the biological activities of tannins, the most relevant ones are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, healing and antimicrobial (antiviral and antibacterial)
Consequently, this review article is directed towards the description of the biological activities exerted by tannins as they could be further extracted from by-products of the agri-food industry to produce high-added-value products.

Introduction: Determining stages of liver fibrosis in chronic liver disease is essential for clinical practice such as decision making on medical treatment, setting the interval of follow-up examination for its complication, screening intervals for hepatocellular carcinoma. Goal: We compared non-invasive fibrosis markers among the patients with chronic hepatitis Delta. Materials and Methods: Totally 70 patients with chronic hepatitis D enrolled into this study. The blood samples were examined for complete blood count, liver function test and serum M2BPGi level. Non-invasive markers such as AAR, APRI, Fib-4 scores were calculated. Those with AAR >1, APRI >0.7, FIB-4 >1.45 were considered with advanced fibrosis. All patients underwent liver stiffness measurement using FibroScan M2 probe. The cutoff values of FibroScan for advanced fibrosis were 9 kPa for patient with normal transaminase level and 11 kPa for patients with elevated transaminase. Results: Advanced fibrosis was observed in 25.7%, 38.6% and 38.6% by AAR, APRI and Fib-4 score, respectively. When cut-off levels of serum M2BPGi for advanced fibrosis was 2.2 COI, 35.7% had advanced fibrosis. FibroScan tests showed 34.4% had advanced fibrosis. The AUROC of M2BPGi were 0.894 and 0.827 for predicting advanced fibrosis and liver cirrhosis. Conclusion Serum M2BPGi and FibroScan would be reliable diagnostic tool for identifying liver fibrosis in Mongolian patients with chronic hepatitis D.

Abstract: Numerous researches conducted in Russia, Bulgaria, Japan, and China on B.pubescens, B. pendula, B.rezniczenkoana (Litv) Schischk, B.humilis Schrank, B.mandshurica Rgl Nakai found that birch barks and leaves contain antioxidants and they have anti-cancer, anti-fungi, antibac- terial and anti-inflammatory properties, protect liver and promote bile secretion. Flat leaved birch (B.platyphylla Sukacz) cortex contains betulin and lupeol of triterpenoids and it’s leaves contain flavonoid and polyphenol compounds. The amounts of compounds found in the cortex are smaller than leaves. Specifically, the amount of flavonoid in leaves is more contained than the that of cortex and leaf buds. In any pharmacology study of new medicines, determination and evaluation of toxicity is the first priority. According to scientific evidences that birch leaves are considered to have less toxins. Not many studies have been conducted on determining toxicity of birch leaves in Mongolia. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the species of birches, hippolytii birch (B.hippolytii. Sukacz) and flat leaved birch (B.platyphylla. Sukacz), that were noted to have medical properties in traditional medications and identify their acute toxicity using dry extract and determine mortality dosage (LD₅₀) on animals. Research materials and methods: Evaluation of the acute toxicity of birch leaves was conducted in Pharmacology laboratory of Monos group’s Drug Research Institute between June 19, 2020 and August 10. In this research, 150-204 g of WISTAR breed non-linear 44 white rats were used and 20 g of B.Hippolytii’s dry extract and 20 g of B. Platyphylla ‘s dry extract were injected.
The experiments to determine the toxicity of dry extracts of B. hippolytii and B. platyphylla (LD₅₀) were conducted according to Litchfield and Wilcoxon’s method and subcutaneous injects were per formed in the pelvic area of the rats. Results of determining acute toxicity level The experiments to determine the acute toxicity level of the birch’s dry extracts followed Litchfield and Wilcoxon’s method with 2-stage. LD₅₀ level was determined from the first stage of the research using G.N.Pirshen’s method and the toxicity level was identified using K.K.Sidorov’s toxicity categorization.
From the acute toxicity research, no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), animal daily dosage and human daily dosage (experimental) were determined. LD₅₀ 2950 mg/kg was determined as a result of acute toxicity research of B.hippolytii and B.platyphilla leaves’ dry extract.

Abstract: The birch leaves were used as a substitute for birch bark, buds and chaga of birch in traditional medicine because the birch leaves are considered to be less toxic. Numerous researches conducted in Russia, Bulgaria, Japan, and China on B.pubescens, B. pendula, B.Rezniczenkoana (Litv) Schischk, B.humilis Schrank, and B.mandshurica Rgl Nakai found that birch barks and leaves contain antioxidants and they have anti-cancer, anti-yeast, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, liver protective and bile secretion induction properties. The studies conducted on animals with diseases showed that the birch leaves had anti-inflammatory properties on the gastric mucosa during acute stress, as well as anti-biliary and giardiasis. The birch leaf phytopreparations experimentations used on animals showed reduced peripheral tissue insulin resistance and lowered blood sugar. Mongolian traditional medicinal journals noted that the birch barks are used to treat inflammatory acute diseases. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the effects of two species of birch leaves on blood sugar and antioxidant activities in diabetes-induced rats. The study materials and methods: The study was conducted in the Pharmacology Research Laboratory of the Monos Group’s Institute of Pharmacology. 40 WISTAR, non-linear white rats weighing 150-204 g were used in the experiments. Dry extract of birch leaves of the two species (Alloxan monohydrate Tokyo Chemical Industry LTD), IGM-100 3A blood glucose meter (Blood glucose test meter, Infopia LTD, Brussels Belgium) and sugar test (Blood glucose test strip only, province, China) were used for the experiment. Lenzen’s (2008) method was used to induce Alloxan diabetes in the rats and the antioxidant properties were determined by the antioxidant activity kit (Rat Malondialchehyche Elisa KIT, cat. № EKRAT- 0266, Jilin). Study Result: The blood glucose level of the control group with diabetes lowered from 31.5 mmol/l to 17.1 mmol/l in 14 days. As for the B.platyphylla Sukacz group, the blood glucose level reduced to 6.3 mmol/l and the B.hippolytii. Sukacz group’s blood glucose level reduced to 6.9 mmol/l in 14 days.
The study results showed that B.hippolytii Sukacz birch leaves and B.platyphilla Sukacz birch leaves’ extracts reduced the maximum level of MDA dilution (4.8 nmol/ml) of B.hippolytii Sukacz and B.platyphilla Sukacz groups by 33.9% and 53.5% respectively. This suggests that the birch leaves had antioxidant effect. Conclusion B.hippolytii Sukacz birch leaves and B. platyphilla (Sukacz) birch leaves lowered the blood glucose level and had antioxidant properties on diabetes.

Abstract Trees and shrubs of the genus Betula (Betulaceae) inhabit various ecosystems in temperate and boreal climate zones of the northern hemisphere. The healing properties of Betula bark and bark extracts have been known for a long time in traditional medicine in different parts of the world. Several species of Betula have traditionally been used for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases including arthritis. The purpose of this review is to provide updated, comprehensive and categorized information on the botany, traditional uses and phytochemical research of Betula species in order to explore their therapeutic potential and evaluate future research opportunities.