No abstract available.
Glycopyrrolate* ; Salivary Glands* ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide*

No abstract available.
Depression* ; Isoflurane* ; Nitrous Oxide* ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide*

Clozapine has been demonstrated to be useful for treating refractory schizophrenia. However, hypersalivation occurs in 31.0-97.4% of the patients treated with clozapine. Accordingly, some patients who are disturbed by their hypersalivation refuse to continue with clozapine treatment. This study investigated the efficacy of the anticholinergic agent scopolamine butylbromide against clozapine-induced hypersalivation. Five schizophrenia patients were coadministered scopolamine butylbromide (30-60 mg/day) for 4 weeks. At the baseline and after 4 weeks' treatment, we subjectively evaluated hypersalivation using a visual analog scale and objectively assessed it using the Drooling Severity Scale and Drooling Frequency Scale. As a result, improvements in the patients' Drooling Severity Scale and Drooling Frequency Scale scores, but no improvements in their visual analog scale scores, were observed after scopolamine butylbromide treatment. These results indicate that at least some schizophrenic patients with clozapine-induced hypersalivation would benefit from scopolamine butylbromide treatment. We conclude that clozapine-induced hypersalivation is one factor of stress to patients. Subjective hypersalivation was not improved, but objective hypersalivation was, by scopolamine butylbromide treatment. However, scopolamine butylbromide and clozapine possess anticholinergic effects so clinicians should closely monitor patients who take scopolamine butylbromide.
Clozapine ; Humans ; Schizophrenia ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide* ; Sialorrhea* ; Visual Analog Scale

1) Atropine and scopolamine in doses of 0. 05, 0. 1, 0, 15, 0. 2 and 0. 25 mg produced bradycardia in humans. 2) The bradycardia induced by 0. 05 and 0, 1 mg of atropine was restored to normal rhythm by 0. 2 and 0. 15 mg of atropine, respectively. 3) The bradycardia induced by 0. 05 and 0. 1 mg of scopolamine was reversed to tachycardia by 0. 2 and 0. 15 mg of scopolamine, respectively. 4) The scopolamine(0.05mg) induced bradycardia was restored to normal rhythm by atropine 0.15 mg and reversed to tachycardia by atropine 0.2mg 5) The atropine(0.1 mg) induced bradycardia was partially restored by scopolamine 0.15 and 0. 2 mg. 6) It was argued that these results were not explainable by a central vagal effect of a direct effect of atropine and scopolamine on the heart but explainable by the blocking effect of these drugs to the sympathetic ganglia.
Atropine* ; Bradycardia* ; Ganglia, Sympathetic ; Heart ; Humans ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide* ; Tachycardia

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical usefulness of the transdermal scopolamine patch applied to control drooling of saliva in patients with cerebral palsy. METHOD: We enrolled twenty two patients with cerebral palsy residing in a rehabilitation center. The mean age of the patients was 24.0 years old. Transdermal scopolamine patch was applied to the patients for 2 weeks. We measured drooling quantity, severity of drooling, and visual analog scale of care givers' labor intensity at pre-application, post 1 week, and post 2 weeks. RESULTS: Drooling quantity decreased significantly from 4.1+/-1.9 ml to 2.8+/-1.5 ml at post 1 week (p<0.01), and 2.2+/-1.6 ml at post 2 weeks (p<0.01). Severity of drooling decreased from 4.1+/-0.8 to 2.9+/-1.1 at post 2 weeks (p<0.01). Visual analog scale of care givers' labor intensity decreased from 78.2+/-17.4 (mm) to 52.7+/-18.6 at post 1 week (p<0.01), and 45.9+/-22.8 at post 2 weeks (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: These findings suggested that the transdermal scopolamine patch is effective to reduce the drooling of saliva in patients with cerebral palsy within short term.
Cerebral Palsy ; Humans ; Rehabilitation Centers ; Saliva ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide ; Sialorrhea

BACKGROUND: Motion sickness is one of the major problems of aerospace medical concern. Vestibule plays an important role in giving rise to motion sickness. Drugs preventing motion sickness have a suppressive effect on the vestibular function through the antagonistic effect to some receptors in vesibular nuclei and vomiting center of central nervous system. We identified and quantified the effects of anti-motion sickness drugs on vestibule-ocular reflex in healthy human subjects. METHODS: Fourty-five healthy male subjects were grouped to one of placebo, dimenhydrinate 50 mg, scopolamine (1 patch), or both scopolamine and dimenhydrinate group, and received rotation chair test before and after drug administration to obtain Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain and phase in sinusoidal harmonic acceleration (SHA) with frequencies of 0.01, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.08 Hz. The delta gain and the delta phase by the drug administration were obtained and analyzed as pharmacodynamic effects. RESULTS: Baseline gain and phase data were not different by the groups in all SHA frequencies. VOR gains were significantly decreased by 0.15~0.17 after dimenhydrinate administration. In the scopolamine group, there were significant decreases in 0.04 and 0.08 Hz by 0.14 and 0.15, respectively, but no difference in 0.01 and 0.02 Hz was observed. Increasing tendency in VOR phase lead was observed, especially in dimenhydrinate, but not significantly. There was no additive effect on the reduction of VOR gain when the two drugs were co-administered. CONCLUSION: We quantitatively characterized how much the VOR parameters were changed by the drugs with different kinds of mechanism. Dimenhydrinate reduced the VOR gain by around 0.16. However, scopolamine probably has a minimal or no additive effect on VOR suppression.
Acceleration ; Central Nervous System ; Dimenhydrinate ; Humans* ; Male ; Motion Sickness ; Reflex ; Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide ; Vomiting

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to investigate the effect of hyoscine-N-butyl bromide during colonoscopy. METHODS: A total of 133 patients undergoing colonoscopy were randomized to receive either 20 mg of hyoscine-N-butyl bromide (n=70) or normal saline solution (n=63) via intramuscular injection as premedication. RESULTS: The mean cecal intubation time and withdrawal time in the hyoscine-N-butyl bromide group were significantly shorter than those of the control group (5.26+/-2.78 min vs. 6.74+/-4.89 min; p=0.032, 5.42+/-1.54 min vs. 6.18+/-2.54 min; p=0.038, each). The spasm grade in the hyoscine-N-butyl bromide group was significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.001). No significant differences were found in the polyp detection rate (15.7% vs. 28.6%; p=0.073) and adenoma detection rate (10.0% vs. 15.9%; p=0.311). Difficulty of colonoscopy for the endoscopists and nurses (p=0.853; p=0.732), the patient's comfort (p=0.891) and the patient's willingness to repeat colonoscopy (85.7% vs. 82.5%; p=0.932) were also similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Premedication with intramuscularly administered hyoscine-N-butyl bromide do not demonstrate any additional benefits except reducing the colonoscopy insertion time.
Adenoma ; Colonoscopy ; Humans ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Intubation ; Parasympatholytics ; Polyps ; Premedication ; Prospective Studies ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide ; Sodium Chloride ; Spasm

Scopolamine Patch is transdermal drug delivery system that contains 1.5mg of scopolamine This agent is used for prevention of motion sickness, but a few partients note dilated pupils and complain of difficulty in near work in the use of the patches. The cause of pupil dilation and cycloplegia from scopolamine patches has been thought to be a result of ocular contamination from handling of the patches, but there was no definitive proof. Moreover, the duration and amplitudes of mydriasis and cycloplegia from this patches have not been fully described. The authors studied the effects of the scopolamine patches on pupil size and accommodative amplitude. The results were as follows: 1. Mydriasis and cycloplegia from scopolamine patchs were not results of systemic absorption, but of ocular contamination from finger which already touched to the patches. 2. The maximal pupil dilation was observed in all age groups between 1+1/2 and 4 hours after contamination, and its effect lasted 3 to 5 days. 3. The maximal reduction of the accommodative amplitude was observed at 4 hours after contamination and the reduction of the accommodative amplitude was statistically significant in older age group(p>0.05). 4. Return to original pupil size or miosis and recovery from the reduction of the accomodative amplitude were observed in 40%, 50%, and 71%, respectively by the first day on instillation of 1%, 2% and 4% pilocarpine.
Absorption ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Fingers ; Humans ; Miosis ; Motion Sickness ; Mydriasis ; Pilocarpine ; Pupil* ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide*

It is well known that small dose of belladonna alkaloid(atropine, scopolarnine) has the effect of decreasing the heart rate in normal conscious subjects, but the mechanism involved in it remains still unanswered. Based on various lines of evidence, the most likely mechanism seems to be the blockade of sympathetic ganglion caused by the alkaloids and it is possible that the effect on the slower heart rate may differ in the depressed state of the sympathetic ganglion when under halothane anesthesia. The present study was undertaken, therefore, on comatose patients and halothane anesthetized patients with and without atropine premedication about 1 hour before anesthesia to observe the effect of a small dose of scopolamine(0.1 mg) which affects the heart rate more significantly than atropine in conscious subjects. The results were as follows: 1) In the comatose patients, scopolamine(0.1 mg) produced a significant decrease in heart rate. 2) During halothane anesthesia without atropine premedication, scopolamine produced a slight decrease in heart rate. 3) During halothane anesthesia with atropine premedication, scopolamine produced a significant increase in the heart rate. These results indicate that scopolamine can further affect the sympathetic ganglion already depressed by halothane, and it is suggested that scopolamine is more effective in blocking the sympathetic ganglion than halothane.
Alkaloids ; Anesthesia ; Atropa belladonna ; Atropine ; Coma ; Ganglia, Sympathetic ; Halothane* ; Heart Rate* ; Heart* ; Humans ; Premedication ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide*

OBJECTIVE: To determine the in vitro pediculicidal efficacy and acute dermal irritation in rabbits of hair cream prepared from the methanolic extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. et Thoms. known in the Philippines as makabuhay.

METHODS: Several concentrations of methanolic extract, an aqueous and alcoholic extract, from makabuhay were tested for in vitro pediculicidal efficacy based on methods established by earlier studies. The 60% concentration of the methanolic extract, found to be the most efficacious, was made into a hair cream and was tested for in vitro pediculicidal efficacy against Kwell® Reformulated Shampoo (Permethrin 1%). The same product was evaluated for acute dermal irritation in rabbits.

RESULTS: The 60% concentration of the methanolic extract formulated into a hair cream showed in vitro pediculicidal efficacy based on stringent criteria of 100%, 96.4%, 85.7%, 78.6%, 67.9%, 64.3% and 64.3% after 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, and 6 hours of observation, respectively, as compared with the 100% efficacy of Kwell® Reformulated Shampoo (Permethrin 1%). The hair cream passed the dermal irritation test on abraded and intact skin of rabbits.

CONCLUSION: The hair cream from the 60% methanolic extract of makabuhay was shown to possess some in vitro pediculicidal efficacy and was found to be non-irritating. This herbal pediculicide may be an alternative treatment for lice infestation.

Animal ; Rabbits ; Lice Infestations ; Lindane ; Permethrin ; Tinospora ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide ; Methanol ; Philippines ; Antiparasitic Agents ; Hair ; Pediculus