No abstract available.
Glycopyrrolate* ; Salivary Glands* ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide*

No abstract available.
Depression* ; Isoflurane* ; Nitrous Oxide* ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide*

1) Atropine and scopolamine in doses of 0. 05, 0. 1, 0, 15, 0. 2 and 0. 25 mg produced bradycardia in humans. 2) The bradycardia induced by 0. 05 and 0, 1 mg of atropine was restored to normal rhythm by 0. 2 and 0. 15 mg of atropine, respectively. 3) The bradycardia induced by 0. 05 and 0. 1 mg of scopolamine was reversed to tachycardia by 0. 2 and 0. 15 mg of scopolamine, respectively. 4) The scopolamine(0.05mg) induced bradycardia was restored to normal rhythm by atropine 0.15 mg and reversed to tachycardia by atropine 0.2mg 5) The atropine(0.1 mg) induced bradycardia was partially restored by scopolamine 0.15 and 0. 2 mg. 6) It was argued that these results were not explainable by a central vagal effect of a direct effect of atropine and scopolamine on the heart but explainable by the blocking effect of these drugs to the sympathetic ganglia.
Atropine* ; Bradycardia* ; Ganglia, Sympathetic ; Heart ; Humans ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide* ; Tachycardia

Clozapine has been demonstrated to be useful for treating refractory schizophrenia. However, hypersalivation occurs in 31.0-97.4% of the patients treated with clozapine. Accordingly, some patients who are disturbed by their hypersalivation refuse to continue with clozapine treatment. This study investigated the efficacy of the anticholinergic agent scopolamine butylbromide against clozapine-induced hypersalivation. Five schizophrenia patients were coadministered scopolamine butylbromide (30-60 mg/day) for 4 weeks. At the baseline and after 4 weeks' treatment, we subjectively evaluated hypersalivation using a visual analog scale and objectively assessed it using the Drooling Severity Scale and Drooling Frequency Scale. As a result, improvements in the patients' Drooling Severity Scale and Drooling Frequency Scale scores, but no improvements in their visual analog scale scores, were observed after scopolamine butylbromide treatment. These results indicate that at least some schizophrenic patients with clozapine-induced hypersalivation would benefit from scopolamine butylbromide treatment. We conclude that clozapine-induced hypersalivation is one factor of stress to patients. Subjective hypersalivation was not improved, but objective hypersalivation was, by scopolamine butylbromide treatment. However, scopolamine butylbromide and clozapine possess anticholinergic effects so clinicians should closely monitor patients who take scopolamine butylbromide.
Clozapine ; Humans ; Schizophrenia ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide* ; Sialorrhea* ; Visual Analog Scale

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical usefulness of the transdermal scopolamine patch applied to control drooling of saliva in patients with cerebral palsy. METHOD: We enrolled twenty two patients with cerebral palsy residing in a rehabilitation center. The mean age of the patients was 24.0 years old. Transdermal scopolamine patch was applied to the patients for 2 weeks. We measured drooling quantity, severity of drooling, and visual analog scale of care givers' labor intensity at pre-application, post 1 week, and post 2 weeks. RESULTS: Drooling quantity decreased significantly from 4.1+/-1.9 ml to 2.8+/-1.5 ml at post 1 week (p<0.01), and 2.2+/-1.6 ml at post 2 weeks (p<0.01). Severity of drooling decreased from 4.1+/-0.8 to 2.9+/-1.1 at post 2 weeks (p<0.01). Visual analog scale of care givers' labor intensity decreased from 78.2+/-17.4 (mm) to 52.7+/-18.6 at post 1 week (p<0.01), and 45.9+/-22.8 at post 2 weeks (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: These findings suggested that the transdermal scopolamine patch is effective to reduce the drooling of saliva in patients with cerebral palsy within short term.
Cerebral Palsy ; Humans ; Rehabilitation Centers ; Saliva ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide ; Sialorrhea

Scopolamine Patch is transdermal drug delivery system that contains 1.5mg of scopolamine This agent is used for prevention of motion sickness, but a few partients note dilated pupils and complain of difficulty in near work in the use of the patches. The cause of pupil dilation and cycloplegia from scopolamine patches has been thought to be a result of ocular contamination from handling of the patches, but there was no definitive proof. Moreover, the duration and amplitudes of mydriasis and cycloplegia from this patches have not been fully described. The authors studied the effects of the scopolamine patches on pupil size and accommodative amplitude. The results were as follows: 1. Mydriasis and cycloplegia from scopolamine patchs were not results of systemic absorption, but of ocular contamination from finger which already touched to the patches. 2. The maximal pupil dilation was observed in all age groups between 1+1/2 and 4 hours after contamination, and its effect lasted 3 to 5 days. 3. The maximal reduction of the accommodative amplitude was observed at 4 hours after contamination and the reduction of the accommodative amplitude was statistically significant in older age group(p>0.05). 4. Return to original pupil size or miosis and recovery from the reduction of the accomodative amplitude were observed in 40%, 50%, and 71%, respectively by the first day on instillation of 1%, 2% and 4% pilocarpine.
Absorption ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Fingers ; Humans ; Miosis ; Motion Sickness ; Mydriasis ; Pilocarpine ; Pupil* ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to investigate the effect of hyoscine-N-butyl bromide during colonoscopy. METHODS: A total of 133 patients undergoing colonoscopy were randomized to receive either 20 mg of hyoscine-N-butyl bromide (n=70) or normal saline solution (n=63) via intramuscular injection as premedication. RESULTS: The mean cecal intubation time and withdrawal time in the hyoscine-N-butyl bromide group were significantly shorter than those of the control group (5.26+/-2.78 min vs. 6.74+/-4.89 min; p=0.032, 5.42+/-1.54 min vs. 6.18+/-2.54 min; p=0.038, each). The spasm grade in the hyoscine-N-butyl bromide group was significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.001). No significant differences were found in the polyp detection rate (15.7% vs. 28.6%; p=0.073) and adenoma detection rate (10.0% vs. 15.9%; p=0.311). Difficulty of colonoscopy for the endoscopists and nurses (p=0.853; p=0.732), the patient's comfort (p=0.891) and the patient's willingness to repeat colonoscopy (85.7% vs. 82.5%; p=0.932) were also similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Premedication with intramuscularly administered hyoscine-N-butyl bromide do not demonstrate any additional benefits except reducing the colonoscopy insertion time.
Adenoma ; Colonoscopy ; Humans ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Intubation ; Parasympatholytics ; Polyps ; Premedication ; Prospective Studies ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide ; Sodium Chloride ; Spasm

BACKGROUND: Motion sickness is one of the major problems of aerospace medical concern. Vestibule plays an important role in giving rise to motion sickness. Drugs preventing motion sickness have a suppressive effect on the vestibular function through the antagonistic effect to some receptors in vesibular nuclei and vomiting center of central nervous system. We identified and quantified the effects of anti-motion sickness drugs on vestibule-ocular reflex in healthy human subjects. METHODS: Fourty-five healthy male subjects were grouped to one of placebo, dimenhydrinate 50 mg, scopolamine (1 patch), or both scopolamine and dimenhydrinate group, and received rotation chair test before and after drug administration to obtain Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain and phase in sinusoidal harmonic acceleration (SHA) with frequencies of 0.01, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.08 Hz. The delta gain and the delta phase by the drug administration were obtained and analyzed as pharmacodynamic effects. RESULTS: Baseline gain and phase data were not different by the groups in all SHA frequencies. VOR gains were significantly decreased by 0.15~0.17 after dimenhydrinate administration. In the scopolamine group, there were significant decreases in 0.04 and 0.08 Hz by 0.14 and 0.15, respectively, but no difference in 0.01 and 0.02 Hz was observed. Increasing tendency in VOR phase lead was observed, especially in dimenhydrinate, but not significantly. There was no additive effect on the reduction of VOR gain when the two drugs were co-administered. CONCLUSION: We quantitatively characterized how much the VOR parameters were changed by the drugs with different kinds of mechanism. Dimenhydrinate reduced the VOR gain by around 0.16. However, scopolamine probably has a minimal or no additive effect on VOR suppression.
Acceleration ; Central Nervous System ; Dimenhydrinate ; Humans* ; Male ; Motion Sickness ; Reflex ; Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide ; Vomiting

OBJECTIVETo establish an HPLC method for determining the contents of scopolamine hydrobromide, atropine sulfate, ephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in Zhichuanling oral liquid.

METHODAgela Durashell RP-C18 (4. 6 mm x250 mm, 5 microm) was adopted, with acetonitrile-sodium phosphate buffer solution (0. 07 mol L-1 sodium phosphate solution with 17.5 mmol L-1 sodium dodecylsulfate adjusted to pH 6.0 with phosphoric acid solution) (30:70) as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 0. 9 mL min -1, the detection wavelength was 207 nm, and the column temperature was 25 degree C.

RESULTScopolamine hydrobromide, atropine sulfate, ephedrine hlvdrochloride and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride showed good linear relations with peak areas within the concentration range of 0. 021 21-1. 060 5 pg (r =0. 999 3) , 0. 011 14-0. 557 microg (r = 0. 999 6) , 0. 200 56-10. 028 microg (r =0. 999 7) and 0.070 33-3. 516 5 gg (r =0. 999 6), respectively, with the average recoveries of 101.9% , 99. 80%, 100. 3%, 100. 2% (n=6).

CONCLUSIONThe method was so quick, simple, highly reproducible and specific that it could be used as one of quality control methods of Zhichuanling oral liquid.

Atropine ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Ephedrine ; analysis ; Pseudoephedrine ; analysis ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo investigate effectiveness of scopolamine on the acute severe chlorphenamidine poisoning patients.

METHODS72 cases of acute severe chlorphenamidine poisoning patients were divided into I and II groups by the principle of a 1:1 sampling according to the order of admission. The I group (36 cases) were treated with traditional multimodality therapy, including gastrolavage, catharsis, using reductant-oxidant (methylthioninium chloride and vitamin C), and symptomatic treatment. The II group were treated with traditional multimodality therapy and scopolamine at the same times. Blood methemoglobin were measured at 0, third, seventh, twelfth, twenty-fourth hour, serum troponin I (CTnI) and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) levels at third, seventh, twenty-fourth, forty-eighth hour, hepatic and renal functions at third, twenty-fourth, forty-eighth hour, and electrocardiogram (ECG) were evaluated every 4 hours in 3 days after hospitalization on all patients. The two groups of patients were compared the efficacy and change detection of targets.

RESULTS31 patients (86.11%) recovered and 5 patients (13.89%) died in I group. All 36 cases recovered in II group. The recovery rate of II group was distinctively higher than that in I group (P < 0.05) and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The average recovery time and the length of hospital stay in II group were sharply shorter than those in I group (P < 0.01) and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Serum CTnI levels between seventh hour and forty-eighth hour, serum CK-MB levels between third hour and forty-eighth hour and methemoglobin concentration at third, seventh, twelfth, twenty-fourth hour were apparently lower in II group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The abnormal rates of hepatic and renal functions in II group were distinctively lower than those in I group and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The abnormal rates of ECG in the second and third day in II group were respectively 38.89% and 11.11%, and were lower than those in I group (64.71%, 38.71%). The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONScopolamine has the excellent treatment effect on acute severe chlorphenamidine poisoning patients and protec their hearts, livers, and kidneys. It complements the deficiency of reductant-oxidants, and combination of the two drugs can form the synergy effect.

Adult ; Chlorphenamidine ; poisoning ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide ; therapeutic use ; Treatment Outcome