Introduction Cervical cancer screening program is using conventional Pap smear (CPS) have been successfully used in Mongolia, but new kind of test as “Liquid based cytology” (LBC) is not popular for screening. This liquid based cytology testing might reduce the number of unsatisfactory smears, and increase the accuracy of diagnosing. Goal The main aim of this study was to assess diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity of Liquid based cytology versus Conventional Pap smear using ‘split-samples’ technique. Materials and Methods This was cross sectional study, total of 75 cervical split samples were included over a period of 2 months. Split sample was obtained using cervix-brush. CPS was prepared from brush and the brush head was suspended in the Liquid based vial and processed by LBC method and pap staining. Smears were diagnosed by cytologists. Abnormal smears were concluded by cervical biopsy as a Golden Standard. Results There were 14%unsatisfactory smears in CPS and 6% in LBC; the main cause is insuffi cient cells, and excess blood in CPS. LBC had diagnostic accuracy of LSIL was lower, but ASC-US was higher than CPS was signifi cant. LBC (100%) was more sensitive than CPS (89%) was confi rmed by biopsy. Conclusions: LBC testing was successfully reduced unsatisfactory smears rate. LBC samples offered better clarity and uniform spread of smears, less time for screening and better diagnostic accuracy of LSIL and ASC-US than CPS.

BACKGROUND. In the present situation, other than establishing the cause of death, one other major problem that the world is still facing in the forensic medical science is determining the time of death. To meet this requirement, scientists have been studying the organ system at cellular level based on medical and other sciences. Determining the time of death solves the problem which judicial organization has to face and it is significant to demonstrate citizen’s religion and traditional rituals. Now there are two methods, early and late reflection in the corpse. When we determine the time of death, we have purposed changes of epithelial cell structures and movements in the smear from the cornea after death. The studies related with those have not yet being undertaken in our country. Therefore, we want to investigate what changes are related with corneal cytology depend on the time of death. PURPOSE: To study the changes of epithelial cell structure and movement in the smear from the cornea after death. CONCLUSION: We observed the marked changes in the cell structure, including increased nucleus/cytoplasmic ratio and also a nuclear karyolysis of the epithelial cells of the cornea at 1-2 hours, 3-4 hours, 5-7 hours, 8-11 hours, 12-17 hours, 1 day and 2 days after the death, respectively. From the research results, by observing the number of epithelial cell of the cornea, we can see that when the time of death is prolonged, the number of epithelial cell increases. When we compared the time of death with the determined number of epithelial cells, there are statistically significant (ρ=0.981, p<0.001).

BACKGROUND. Uterine cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. In our country, cervical cancer is second most common cancer in women. Uterine cervical smear (Papanicolaou test) remains an effective and widely used method for early detection of precancerous and cancerous lesions. Since 2002, the cervical smear was introduced to the clinical practice of our country. However, there is no study to performed external quality assurance of cervical smear until now. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We selected 20 glass slides of uterine cervical smear, the diagnosis was approved by histopathology. Each chosen slides were evaluated by four cytologists of A, B, C, D hospitals with hidden clinical information, independently. RESULTS. The sensitivity of A, B, C and D hospitals were 87.5%, 93.3%, 93.3%, and 93.3%, respectively. The specificity of A, B, C and D hospitals was 85.7%, 85.7%, 75%, and 66.6%, respectively. The diagnostic concordance of A, B, C and D was 70%, 75%, 50%, and 55%, respectively. The agreement of cytological diagnosis was moderate (kappa = 0.55), moderate (kappa = 0.43), fair (kappa = 0.37), and fair (kappa = 0.33) in A, B, C, and D hospitals, respectively. CONCLUSION: The external quality assurance in cytopathology is needed in Mongolia. The diagnostic concordance method would be applicable in our country to improve diagnostic agreement.

Background: Infectious keratitis is a disease caused by inflammation, infection, and other ocular damage to the outer and other deep layers of corneal epithelium. It is a major cause of monocular blindness and visual disability worldwide regardless of age and gender. Therefore, we aimed to determine the clinical features and risk factors of infectious keratitis among Mongolians and to identify the causative microorganism and compared them with the treatment results. Methods: We collected the data of 149 patients who diagnosed as infectious keratitis at the Ophthalmology Department of the First State Central Hospital in 2017-2020 and using a case series model of descriptive study. Statistical analysis was calculated using Stata14 software. Results: The majority of patients in our study were male, with a male-to-female ratio is 2.1:1. The cause of infectious keratitis were categorized and eye injury-induced keratitis accounted for the highest percentage of 38.3% (n=57), with the majority being men 73.7% (n=42) (p=0.028). As for the type of treatment, antibacterial drugs 103 (69.1%) and evisceration 27(45%) predominate. Conclusion Our study shows that the majority of infectious keratitis in Mongolia is due to trauma in male patients. Forty-five percent of all surgeries involve evisceration surgery, which reduces the client's quality of life.

Background: Azoospermia is the most severe form of male infertility, affecting approximately 1% of male population and 10–15% of infertile men. In azoospermia cases, sperm retrieval from the testis or epididymis through surgical procedures is used for assisted reproductive treatments. When no sperm is retrieved, recent approaches in medicine suggest using immunohistochemical methods to evaluate spermatogenesis in testicular tissue and plan further treatments. Aim: To evaluate spermatogenesis in testicular tissue of azoospermic patients using immunohistochemistry and compare the findings with the clinical outcomes of sperm retrieval procedures. Materials and Methods: This study included 71 azoospermic men who underwent micro-TESE procedures at the IVF center (RMC) between 2019 and 2023. The excised testicular tissues were fixed, processed histologically, and evaluated using Johnson’s score. The presence of spermatozoa in seminiferous tubules was detected by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining, using markers such as TEX101 and LDHC. Results: Johnson’s score was categorized into three groups: poor, moderate, and good spermatogenesis. These were statistically compared with hormonal levels and surgical sperm retrieval outcomes. There were significant differences in Johnson’s scores and serum FSH and LH levels among the three groups (p < 0.005). TEX101 and LDHC proteins were strongly expressed in the good group, weakly in the moderate group, and absent in the poor group. The success rate of sperm retrieval was 100% (17/17) in the good group, 96.29% (26/27) in the moderate group, and only 29.62% (8/27) in the poor group. Conclusion Histological evaluation of spermatogenesis in azoospermic patients can help predict the outcome of surgical sperm retrieval, indicating its clinical value in treatment planning.

Background: A rare angioproliferative condition of the larynx, Kaposhi sarcoma typically affects the skin. Immunosuppressive treatment following organ transplantation and human immunodeficiency virus infection are the causes. Every type of Kaposi sarcoma has human herpesvirus-8. Laryngeal kaposi sarcoma is uncommon in immunocompromised patients; since its initial identification in 1965, 18 cases have been documented globally. A CO2 laser-assisted laryngeal microsurgery is performed through the mouth cavity to remove tumor when kaposi sarcoma of the larynx obstructs the airway. Case report: A 77-year-old woman complained of hoarseness, dry mouth, odynophagia, and dysphagia three months prior when she arrived at the Mongolian-Japan Hospital. Two years ago, she acquired hard, sensitive lumps that were palpable on her right arm, left ankle, and right thigh. At that time, she was diagnosed with Kaposiform hemangiodermatitis and treated at the National Center for Dermatology. HIV test results were negative. Immunohistochemistry: CD31 +/-, CD34 /+/. Using flexible nasopharyngeal endoscopy to get the diagnosis: There was a mass that was about 1.5–2–5 cm in diameter, bluish in color, smooth and movable, and spongy and vascular on the larynx, on the nasopharynx, behind the palatine tonsills, and supraglottic. Surgery: Through the use of Kleinsasser laryngoscopy and a 0-degree endoscope, pathological tissues were extracted under general anesthesia using a laryngeal microsurgical instrument and a laparoscopic bipolar coagulator. The tissues were then sent for histological evaluation, which revealed Kaposi sarcoma, sarcoma grade 1. Results of treatment Pain decreased and quality of life increased following surgery. Upon nasopharyngeal endoscopy, the vocal cord mobility was normal and the surgical incision was clean. Conclusion: Kaposi sarcoma is an extremely uncommon illness. A lower quality of life and further issues can be avoided with an early diagnosis and suitable therapy. It also needs to be continuously monitored because it is a potentially repeatable disease.