The meta-analytic method including a criteria-based assessment and a uniformly defined effective rate of clinical studies was used to study the clinical effect of acupuncture. This method of analysis can be used for a clinical study including case-series study. A criteria-based assessment may reveal the generality and lack of bias in a clinical study and the uniformly defined effective rate represents the general effectiveness led by the study.
We tried to analyze the clinical effect of acupuncture on migraine headache. As a result of analyzing to 16 reports of acupuncture treatment for migraine headache, the criteria-based assessments were widely distributed from 3 to 17 out of 20 points. In its distribution, the 4 reports designed by the randomized controlled trial scored 13, 16, 16 and 17 points, those of 2 prospective clinical studies scored 10 and 17 points, and those of 10 case-studies all scored less than 13 points.
As for the uniformly defined effective rate (%) in clinical studies, the average of the reports was 77.8% (its 95% confidence interval ranged from 68.2-86.0 %) and was much higher than the placebo effective rate of mock TENS (30-35%).
Considering the result of 4 randomized controlled trials, this meta-analytic result suggests the high efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of migraine headache.

We have developed the new dynamometer to measure twist strength of upper limbs that was not investigated sufficiently before. This dynamometer can measure both twisting hold strength and torque at a time. Therefore, it can be applied to motion analysis at demonstrating muscle strength. Both development curve of the age group's average of the average hold strength of left and right hand { (LH⋅HS+RH⋅HS) /2} and the average twisting hold strength of left and right hand { (LF⋅HS+RF⋅HS) /2} showed the peak of development in man's thirties and in woman's twenties-thirties and then marked depreciation gradually with ageing. The average torque of forward twisting of left hand and that of right hand { (LF⋅T+RF⋅T) /2} showed the same tendency in respect of the peak of development too, but woman's curve showed the peak in twenties different from that in man and then didn't mark depreciation remarkably. From the analysis with respect to twisting motion by the subjects of right handedness, we have recognized that the twisting hold strength of right hand by the action of left or right forward twisting (LF·RH·HS, RF·RH·HS) is greater than that of left hand (LF·LH·HS, RF·LH·HS), the torque of forward twisting of left hand (LF·T) is greater than that of right hand (RF·T) and that the hand of back twisting supports the grip-torque dynamometer from the result of EMG. Therefore, we can understand that the stronger torque is generated by the motion of forward twisting of left hand which can support stronger than by that of right hand. But we have recognized too that the average hold strength and the average torque correlate to one another closely. Therefor, we can understand that it requires the stronger hold strength to generate the higher torque.

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in muscle strength of the quadriceps femoris after intraarticular acupuncture treatment of the affected joint in subjects with unilateral osteoarthritic knee. Isometric muscle strength was measured by standard dynamometry at 90 degree knee flexion when the subjects contracted the quadriceps muscle slowly and maximally without any pain.
In the preliminary experiment, the repeated measurement yielded a high reliability coefficient (correlation coefficient r=0.95, there is no significant difference between the two means) in the affected knee as well as the normal side for 19 patients with osteoarthritic knee.
Nine subjects, whose muscle strength of the affected side had fallen by more than 20% compared with the normal side, participated in the study. An acupuncture needle was inserted into the point where the tenderness of the affected meniscus was marked. The results revealed a noticeable increase in muscle strength of the quadriceps femoris in the affected side from 14.3±2.2kg before acupuncture to 22.9±3.0kg after intraarticular acupuncture (p<0.001), with no significant change in the normal side from 26.0±2.4kg to 27.1±2.8kg (p>0.05).
A hypothesis was formulated that the dicreased muscle strength of the quadriceps femoris in the osteoarthritic knee results from reflex inhibition from joint receptors and that intro-articular acupuncture has a disinhibition effect on this inhibition of the extensor muscle activity.

The reflex mechanisms of the responses in heart rate elicited by acupuncture stimulation in anesthetized rats were examined. An acupuncture needle measuring 160μmin diameter was inserted into skin and the underlying muscles to the hindlimb to a depth of about 5mm and was twisted once every second for 1min. A decrease in the heart rate was observed in 55% of 22 trials and in 70% of 20 trials when muscles separated from the overlying skin were stimulated. The response was abolished completely by cutting the femoral and sciatic nerves. The response was not influenced by transecting of the bilateral vagi but was totally abolished by transecting of the cardiac sympathetic nerves. Therefore, we conclude that the decrease in heart rate elicited by acupuncture stimulation of a hindlimb is based on a somato-autonomic reflex, in which the afferent pathway is composed of hindlimb muscle afferents and the efferent pathway is composed of cardiac sympathetic nerves.

The effect of moxibustion on duodenal motility was examined. Duodenal motility was measured by the balloon method in anesthetized, artificially ventilated rats. The stimulation temperature and duration of moxibustion varied. Treatments were applied to the hind paw and abdomen.
The duodenal motility exhibited an excited response by pinch stimulation of hind paw, and inhibitory response by abdominal pinch stimulation. Duodenal motility did not show any response to indirect moxibustion stimulation of the hind paw and abdomen. Duodenal motility exhibited an excited response by direct application of moxibustion to the hind paw and an inhibitory response by direct application of moxibustion to the abdomen.

Objective
 To investigate the relationship between uses of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and sexual behavior among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in northeast Thailand.
Methods
 Data were collected both by interviews using a structured questionnaire and by a self-administered questionnairewith HIV positive patients who made an outpatient visit to a public hospital in northeast Thailand between March2004 and January 2005. Fisher's exact test and multiple logistic regression analysis were conducted to identify thefactors associated with regular condom use when these patients had sex with their spouse/partner.
Results
 Among 289 patients (146 with HAART and 143 without HAART) who participated in the study, 122 had sex with their spouse/partner in the three months before the survey. Among them, 70 used a condom every time, 17 used a condom sometimes, 32 never, and 3 unknown. Excluding the 6 patients who did not answer all of the questions, 116 patients remained in the analysis. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, sex, education, employment, years since HIV infection, illness episode in the past one month, and use of HAART were entered as the explanatory factors. Use of HAART (odds ratio=9.8, 95% CI: 2.9 - 32.9) and current employment (odds ratio= 5.2, 95%CI: 1.3 - 20.9) were significantly associated with regular condom use.
Conclusion
 Use of HAART was positively associated with use of condoms when PLHIV had sex with their spouse or partner.

To identify the most frequently reported preferred terms （PTs） in the cases of rheumatoid arthritis （RA） patients treated with immunosuppressive biological drugs as suspected drugs, we analyzed the cases in the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report （JADER） database. We found that pneumonia, interstitial lung disease, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia （PCP), cellulitis, sepsis, and herpes zoster were the most frequently reported PTs. We obtained the reporting odds ratio （ROR） and the time to onset of these six PTs and compared them in the cases reported for each immunosuppressant as a suspected drug. We focused on RA treatment, including five tumor necrosis factor （TNF） antagonists （infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, golimumab, and certolizumab pegol). For pneumonia, interstitial lung disease and sepsis, no specific correlation was observed for each immunosuppressant for RA. In the case of PCP, the highest ROR was observed in the patients treated with infliximab. The time to onset of PCP in the infliximab-treated patients （median, 0.19 yr） was significantly shorter than the onset time in the patients treated with tocilizumab, an interleukin-6 receptor blocker that is another type of drug for RA（0.32 yr, p<0.01, Mann-Whitney test). The onset time in the patients treated with golimumab （0.24 yr） was also significantly shorter than the onset time for tocilizumab（p<0.05), but the ROR was not as high. These results suggested a correlation between PCP and infliximab. In the cases of cellulitis and herpes zoster, a similar correlation was observed with tocilizumab and certolizumab pegol, respectively. We should consider these results when patients have a respiratory disorder or skin/subcutaneous tissue disorder.