1.The role of Aspergillus oryzae KKB4 in reducing and detoxifying aflatoxin B1 applied in moist-heated corn
Carolina Sisca Djunaidi ; Francis Maria Constance Sigit Setyabudi ; Sardjono
Malaysian Journal of Microbiology 2017;13(2):117-123
Aims: The growth and metabolic activity of Aspergillus oryzae KKB4 in AFB1-contaminated corn and later coincided
with AFB1 reduction and detoxification were investigated.
Methodology and results: The decreasing of AFB1 amount by A. oryzae KKB4 could be clearly observed if the initial
AFB1 concentration in corn was increased. Thus, moist-heated corn was artificially inoculated with Aspergillus flavus
FNCC 62C7 to increase AFB1 content. AFB1-contaminated corn was applied as solid substrate and then inoculated with
A. oryzae KKB4. During fermentation periods, the growth, metabolic activity, and AFB1 decline were investigated by
glucosamine content, water content loss, and AFB1 concentration, respectively. The maximum growth was occurred in
4
thday at 1.499 ± 0.028 g glucosamine/ 100 g dry matter. The metabolic activity was going on up to the end of
fermentation days, as shown as water content loss at 0.175 ± 0.007 g/g dry matter. In accordance with the growth and
metabolic activity, the amount of AFB1 reduction was 37.04 ng AFB1/g dry matter during 5 days fermentation. According
to toxicity analysis, it was found that the residues of AFB1 were not toxic to Bacillus megaterium cells.
Conclusion, significance and impact of study: A. oryzae KKB4 is able to be applied in solid substrates as AFB1
reduction and detoxification agent. These lucrative effects are also important in relation with food and feed safety.
2.Parasitemia Induces High Plasma Levels of Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and Low Levels of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Transforming Growth Factor-ß (TGF-ß) in Pregnant Mice Infected with Malaria
Zainabur Rahmah ; Sujarot Dwi Sasmito ; Budi Siswanto ; Teguh Wahju Sardjono ; Loeki Enggar Fitri
Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 2015;22(3):25-32
Background: During pregnancy, the balanced dominance of the T helper17 response shifts to a Th2 response that is characterised by the production of IL-10, following the completion of the implantation process. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) expression is associated with the completion of trophoblast invasion and placental growth. This study assessed the effect of malaria infection on the levels of IL-17, IL-10, and TGF-β in the plasma of pregnant mice with malaria.
Methods: Seventeen pregnant BALB/C mice were divided into two groups: mice infected with Plasmodium berghei (treatment group) and uninfected mice (control group). The mice were sacrificed on day 18 post-mating. Parasitemia was measured by Giemsa staining. The levels of IL-17, IL-10, and TGF-β were measured by ELISA.
Results: Using independent t test, the IL-17 levels in the treatment group were higher than those in the control group (P = 0.040). The IL-10 levels in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group (P = 0.00). There was no significant difference in the TGF-β levels (P = 0.055) between two groups. However, using SEM analysis the degree of parasitemia decreased the plasma TGF-β levels (tcount = 5.148; ≥ ttable = 1.96). SEM analysis showed that a high degree of parasitemia increased the IL-17 levels and decreased the IL-10 and TGF-β levels.
Conclusion: Malaria infection during pregnancy interferes with the systemic balance by increasing the IL-17 levels and decreasing the IL-10 and TGF-β levels.
3.Local strains Aspergillus oryzae KKB4 and Rhizopus oryzae KP1R1 as a reducing and detoxifying agents for deoxynivalenol
Andi Ardiansyah Arifin ; Francis Maria Constance Sigit Setyabudi ; Sardjono
Malaysian Journal of Microbiology 2019;15(3):182-187
Aims:
Deoxynivalenol is a type B trichothecene produced by Fusarium graminearum that can cause serious health problems in human and livestock. The present study aimed to reduce and detoxify deoxynivalenol using a local strain Aspergillus oryzae KKB4 and Rhizopus oryzae KP1R1.
Methodology and results:
Corn as solid substrate artificially inoculated with F. graminearum bio 163252 to produce deoxynivalenol. Deoxynivalenol contaminated corn then inoculated with A. oryzae KKB4 and R. oryzae KP1R1. During fermentation, a decrease in deoxynivalenol levels is analyzed including loss of dry matter and glucosamine content. Deoxynivalenol was extracted from the substrate by solid phase extraction and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. The reduction of deoxynivalenol by A. oryzae KKB4 and R. oryzae KP1R1 were 65.91% and 56.82%, respectively after ten days of fermentation. Toxicity analysis revealed that residues of deoxynivalenol were not toxic to growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells.
Conclusion, significance and impact of study
Local strains A. oryzae KKB4 and R. oryzae KP1R1 were able to reduce and detoxify deoxynivalenol in solid substrates. This study provides supporting data to control mycotoxin that is critical for food and feed safety.
4.Plasma glutathione and oxidized glutathione level, glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio, and albumin concentration in complicated and uncomplicated falciparum malaria
Fitri Enggar Loeki ; Iskandar Agustin ; Sardjono Wahju Teguh ; Erliana Ditya Ummu ; Rahmawati Widya ; Candradikusuma Didi ; Saputra Budi Utama ; Suhartono Eko ; Setiawan Bambang ; Sulistyaningsih Erma
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2016;6(8):646-650
Objective: To compare the level of glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), the ratio of GSH/GSSG and the concentration of albumin in plasma of patients with complicated and un-complicated falciparum malaria. Methods: This research was a cross sectional study using comparison analysis with the plasma GSH and GSSG, the ratio of plasma GSH/GSSG and the concentration of plasma albumin as variables. The complicated malaria patients were obtained from Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang, whereas uncomplicated malaria patients were obtained from the Regency of Pleihari South Kalimantan. Plasma GSH and GSSG levels were determined by the spectrophotometer at the wave length of 412 nm, whereas the concentration of albumin was determined by bromocresol green method in the pH of 4.1. Results: There were no significant differences between the level of plasma GSH and GSSG in complicated and uncomplicated malaria patients, as well as the ratio of plasma GSH/GSSG in the two groups (P=0.373;P=0.538;and P=0.615, respectively, independent t-test). In contrast, the plasma albumin concentration in complicated malaria patients were significantly higher than uncomplicated malaria patients (P=0.000, Mann Whitney U test). Conclusions: It can be concluded that the average of plasma GSH and GSSG level, also plasma GSH/GSSG ratio in complicated malaria are not different from uncomplicated ma-laria. Although plasma concentration of albumin in both groups is below the normal range, there is an increase in complicated malaria that might be as compensation of oxidative stress.
5.Low Fetal Weight is Directly Caused by Sequestration of Parasites and Indirectly by IL-17 and IL-10 Imbalance in the Placenta of Pregnant Mice with Malaria.
Loeki Enggar FITRI ; Teguh Wahju SARDJONO ; Zainabur RAHMAH ; Budi SISWANTO ; Kusworini HANDONO ; Yoes Prijatna DACHLAN
The Korean Journal of Parasitology 2015;53(2):189-196
The sequestration of infected erythrocytes in the placenta can activate the syncytiotrophoblast to release cytokines that affect the micro-environment and influence the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to fetus. The high level of IL-10 has been reported in the intervillous space and could prevent the pathological effects. There is still no data of Th17 involvement in the pathogenesis of placental malaria. This study was conducted to reveal the influence of placental IL-17 and IL-10 levels on fetal weights in malaria placenta. Seventeen pregnant BALB/C mice were divided into control (8 pregnant mice) and treatment group (9 pregnant mice infected by Plasmodium berghei). Placental specimens stained with hematoxylin and eosin were examined to determine the level of cytoadherence by counting the infected erythrocytes in the intervillous space of placenta. Levels of IL-17 and IL-10 in the placenta were measured using ELISA. All fetuses were weighed by analytical balance. Statistical analysis using Structural Equation Modeling showed that cytoadherence caused an increased level of placental IL-17 and a decreased level of placental IL-10. Cytoadherence also caused low fetal weight. The increased level of placental IL-17 caused low fetal weight, and interestingly low fetal weight was caused by a decrease of placental IL-10. It can be concluded that low fetal weight in placental malaria is directly caused by sequestration of the parasites and indirectly by the local imbalance of IL-17 and IL-10 levels.
Animals
;
Female
;
*Fetal Weight
;
Humans
;
Interleukin-10/*analysis/metabolism
;
Interleukin-17/*analysis/metabolism
;
Malaria/*metabolism/parasitology/physiopathology
;
Male
;
Mice
;
Mice, Inbred BALB C
;
Placenta/*chemistry/metabolism
;
Plasmodium berghei/*physiology
;
Pregnancy
;
Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/*metabolism/parasitology/physiopathology
6. Identification of antigenic proteins from salivary glands of female Anopheles maculatus by proteomic analysis
Yunita ARMIYANTI ; Renam Putra ARIFIANTO ; Elisa Nurma RIANA ; Kartika SENJARINI ; Widodo WIDODO ; Loeki Enggar FITRI ; Teguh Wahju SARDJONO
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2016;6(11):924-930
Objective To identify antigenic proteins from the salivary glands of female Anopheles maculatus using a proteomic approach to find the biomarker candidate for serological tools. Methods The identification of antigenic proteins of Anopheles maculatus salivary gland used these techniques: one-dimensional gel electrophoresis (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), western blot, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results The proteins that have molecular weight (MW) 43 and 34 kDa were the antigenic protein. Computational bioinformatic analysis by Mascot Server revealed seven novel hypothetical proteins (MW: 43 kDa) and two novel hypothetical proteins (MW: 34 kDa). Further analysis (BLASTP, antigenicity, epitope mapping, and specificity analysis) showed that two novel proteins were identified as apolipoprotein D and cathepsin D in Anopheles darlingi. Conclusions The identified proteins are potential to be developed as a biomarker of mosquito bite's exposure.
7. Plasma glutathione and oxidized glutathione level, glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio, and albumin concentration in complicated and uncomplicated falciparum malaria
Loeki Enggar FITRI ; Agustin ISKANDAR ; Teguh Wahju SARDJONO ; Ummu Ditya ERLIANA ; Widya RAHMAWATI ; Didi CANDRADIKUSUMA ; Utama Budi SAPUTRA ; Eko SUHARTONO ; Bambang SETIAWAN ; Erma SULISTYANINGSIH
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2016;6(8):646-650
Objective To compare the level of glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), the ratio of GSH/GSSG and the concentration of albumin in plasma of patients with complicated and un-complicated falciparum malaria. Methods This research was a cross sectional study using comparison analysis with the plasma GSH and GSSG, the ratio of plasma GSH/GSSG and the concentration of plasma albumin as variables. The complicated malaria patients were obtained from Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang, whereas uncomplicated malaria patients were obtained from the Regency of Pleihari South Kalimantan. Plasma GSH and GSSG levels were determined by the spectrophotometer at the wave length of 412 nm, whereas the concentration of albumin was determined by bromocresol green method in the pH of 4.1. Results There were no significant differences between the level of plasma GSH and GSSG in complicated and uncomplicated malaria patients, as well as the ratio of plasma GSH/GSSG in the two groups (P = 0.373; P = 0.538; and P = 0.615, respectively, independent t-test). In contrast, the plasma albumin concentration in complicated malaria patients were significantly higher than uncomplicated malaria patients (P = 0.000, Mann Whitney U test). Conclusions It can be concluded that the average of plasma GSH and GSSG level, also plasma GSH/GSSG ratio in complicated malaria are not different from uncomplicated malaria. Although plasma concentration of albumin in both groups is below the normal range, there is an increase in complicated malaria that might be as compensation of oxidative stress.
8.Effects of glucose as carbon catabolite repressor on alpha-amylase and glucoamylase production in Indonesian indigenous fungi
Ika Octariyani Safitri ; Dian Anggraini Suroto ; Jaka Widada ; Sardjono ; Muhammad Nur Cahyanto
Malaysian Journal of Microbiology 2022;18(3):322-330
Aims:
The study aimed to investigate the effect of glucose on alpha-amylase and glucoamylase production in some Indonesian indigenous fungi.
Methodology and results:
Fungi were screened for their ability to produce alpha-amylase and glucoamylase in the presence of glucose. The strains were grown in a medium containing starch and glucose as carbon sources with glucose concentrations varying from 0 to 5% for four days, and the alpha-amylase and glucoamylase were analyzed at the end of the growth period. Most strains showed repression on the amylases production when glucose was added to the medium. However, some strains showed no repression on amylases production when glucose was supplemented to the medium. The addition of glucose repressed glucoamylase production, but no repression on alpha-amylase was noted for strain KKB4, vice versa, there was repression on alpha-amylase production but no repression on glucoamylase production for strain FIG1. Strains FNCC 6151 and MLT1J1 showed no repression on both alpha-amylase and glucoamylase production when glucose was added to the medium up to 5%. The occurrence of repression in the production of alpha-amylase and glucoamylase was strain-specific.
Conclusion, significance and impact of study
Out of the nine indigenous fungi strains examined, strains FNCC 6151 and MLT1J1 showed no repression on both alpha-amylase and glucoamylase production when glucose was added to the medium up to 5%. Those two strains have the potential to be improved further to produce both alpha-amylase and glucoamylase.
Glucosidases
;
alpha-Amylases
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Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase
9. Clinical features of severe malaria: Protective effect of mixed plasmodial malaria
Bagus HERMANSYAH ; Erma SULISTYANINGSIH ; Loeki Enggar FITRI ; Teguh Wahju SARDJONO ; Agustina Tri ENDHARTI ; Samsul ARIFIN ; Niniek BUDIARTI ; Didi CANDRADIKUSUMA ; Niniek BUDIARTI ; Didi CANDRADIKUSUMA ; Nicole BERENS-RIHA
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2017;7(1):4-9
Objective To investigate clinically severe malaria patients with Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum), Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) and mixed species infections. Methods This study was conducted at Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia, from December 2011 to May 2013. Twenty nine patients (mean age of 41 years, 22% female), who suffered from severe malaria according to World Health Organization criteria (major and minor) and other criteria based on previous studies, were selected by consecutive sampling. Blood samples were obtained at admission from peripheral blood for microscopic diagnostic, nested PCR and laboratory examination of blood chemistry. Laboratory results were compared between the groups and correlated to each other. Results From 29 samples, eight (28%) were diagnosed as P. falciparum mono-infection, 12 (41%) as P. vivax mono-infection and nine (31%) as mixed infections, confirmed by PCR. Cerebral malaria occurred in P. falciparum or mixed species infection only. Parasitaemia was highest in P. falciparum mono-infection. Mean haemoglobin was significantly lower in P. falciparum than P. vivax infection (P = 0.01). Mean thrombocyte count (77 138/μL) was low in all groups. Mean urea, creatinine, total and direct bilirubin were significantly higher in P. falciparum mono-infection compared to other groups, whereas aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase showed no significant differences. Parasitaemia was positively correlated with an increase in urea, creatinine, bilirubin and leucocytosis in all species. Conclusions Both Plasmodium species can solely or in combination cause severe malaria. Mixed infection was generally more benign than P. falciparum mono-infection and seemed to have some protective effects.