OBJECTIVE: To measure macular and peripapillary retinal-nerve-fiber-layer (RNFL) thickness in normal Filipinos using optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS: This observational, cross-sectional study included 362 normal eyes of 181 Filipino participants, 16 to 55 years old, who underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination, automated perimetry, and digital image scanning of the macula and the optic disc by OCT. The macula and RNFL thickness were measured using standard protocols. Paired t-test and linear-regression analyses were used to analyze the data. Conclusion: Macular thickness in Filipinos follows the general patterns of age- and gender-related differences among other racial groups. The data also suggest that Filipino RNFL is thinner compared with those of other racial groups.
Human ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Adolescent ; TOMOGRAPHY ; TOMOGRAPHY, OPTICAL ; TOMOGRAPHY, OPTICAL COHERENCE ; RETINA ; MACULA LUTEA ; FOVEA CENTRALIS

Objectives. Polymorphisms in metabolic genes which alter rates of bioactivation and detoxification have been shown to modulate susceptibility to colorectal cancer. This study sought to evaluate the colorectal cancer risk from environmental factors and to do polymorphism studies on genes that code for Phase I and II xenobiotic metabolic enzymes among Filipino colorectal cancer patients and matched controls. Methods. A total of 224 colorectal cancer cases and 276 controls from the Filipino population were genotyped for selected polymorphisms in GSTM1, GSTP1, GSTT1, NAT1 and NAT2. Medical and diet histories, occupational exposure and demographic data were also collected for all subject participants.Results. Univariate logistic regression of non-genetic factors identified exposure to UV (sunlight) (OR 1.99, 95% CI: 1.16-3.39) and wood dust (OR 2.66, 95% CI: 1.21-5.83) and moldy food exposure (OR 1.61, 95% CI:1.11-2.35) as risk factors; while the NAT2*6B allele (recessive model OR 1.51, 95% CI :1.06-2.16; dominant model OR 1.87, 95% CI: 1.05-3.33) and homozygous genotype (OR 2.19, 95% CI: 1.19-4.03) were found to be significant among the genetic factors. After multivariate logistic regression of both environmental and genetic factors, only UV radiation exposure (OR 2.08, 95% CI: 1.21-3.58) and wood dust exposure (OR 2.08, 95% CI: 0.95-5.30) remained to be significantly associated with increasing colorectal cancer risk in the study population.Conclusion. This study demonstrated that UV sunlight and wood dust exposure play a greater role in influencing colorectal cancer susceptibility than genotype status from genetic polymorphisms of the GST and the NAT` genes.
Colorectal Neoplasms ; Polymorphism, Genetic