The antidromic C waves elicited by stimulating the entry zone of the dorsal root were recorded in spinal toads. Influences if conditioning stimuli in 60 T from sciatic nerve on antidromic C waves were observed. The conditioning stimuli produced marked increace in the excitability of the C-afferent terminals. The increased excitability possessed two phases. The results indicat that periphiral primary afferent A and C-fibres can produce presynaptic inhibition in C-fibre terminals.

32 cases of insomniacs were treated by using EMG biofeedback. The total efficierky was 84.4%. The result indicated that the curative effect of the therapy was satisfactory. Furthermore this paper mentioned the advantages of the therapy and points for attention. Also the principle of the treatment was discussed.

Single unit activity were recorded from 157 dorsal horn neurons in the spinal rats by stimulation of left surat nerves. Stretching urinary bladder were performed after the neurons were identified by somatic afferents. 32 out of the 157 could also be activated by stretching urinary bladders. These recorded dorsal horn neurons which responded to both somatic and visceral inputs are called somatovisceral convergent neurons (SVCN). The afferent visceral fibers were N group according to conductive velocity in our experiment. It has been shown that C-fiber component in 9 WDR neurons were incresed by stimulating the left sural nerves after stretching urinary bladders. 15 spontaneous- discharge WDR neurons were recorded and 13 out of them were excited, meanwhile, 2 out of them were inhibited after urinary bladders were stretched. The study provides the new data for the convergence from the somatic and visceral afferents in the dorsal horn of spinal cord and supplies the first evidence for central mecha nism of visceral referred pain.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of nutritional risk,malnutrition(undemutrition),overweight/obesity,and application of nutritional support in hospitalized patients with endocrine disorders.Methods Adult patients in Department of Endocrine of Peking Union Medical College Hospital(PUMCH)from September to December 2008 were consecutively enrolled.Nutrional Risk Screening 2002(NRS2002)war per-formed on the next morning after admission and nutritional support evaluation was performed on the 14th day of ad-mission or on the discharge day.The relationship between nutritional risk and nutritional support Was analyzed.Nu-tritional risk was defined as NRS2002 score≥3,and body mass index(BMI)<18.5 ks/m2 defined as unclernut-rition.Results A total of 152 patients were enroled,and NBS2002 scoring was performed in all patients.The prevalence of undernutrition Was 7.9%and the nutritional risk was 27.6%.The prevalence of nutritional risk in the elderly inpotients(≥60 years old)was significantly higher than in younger patients(18-59 years old)(36.8%vs 20.2%,P=O.023).Nine patients(21.4%)with NRS2002≥3 received nutrition support,and 12patients(10.9%)with NRS2002<3 received nutritional support.The average PN:EN ratio was 1:3.2.Conclu-siom NRS2002 is afeasible nutritional risk screening tool for inpatients with endocrine disorders.A large propor-tion of inpotients were at nutritional risk or undemutrition in the Department of Endocrine of PUMCH. The application of nutritional support currently is somehow inappropriate.Evidence-based guidelines are required to improve this situation

Objective To investigate the prevalence of nutritional risk,undemutrition,overweight/obesi-ty,and apphcation of nutrition support in departments of neurology in 3 metropolitan hospitals in Beijing. Methods Adult patients in the departments of neurology from 3 metropolitan hospitals in Beijing were consecutively en-rolled from March 2005 to March 2006.Nutritional Risk Screening 2002(NRS2002)score≥3 was defined a8 nu-tritian risk,while body mass index(BMI)<18.5 ks/m2 as undemutrition.NRS2002 was performed on the next morning of admission and nutritional support evaluation was performed on the 14th day of admission or discharge day.The relationship between nutrition risk and nutrition support was analyzed.Results A total of 753 patients were enrolled.NRS2002 scoring results were obtained in 461 patients.The prevalence of undemutrition was 4.2%and nutritional risk Was 21.2%.Among them 292 cases in undemutrition category were estimated by semm albu-min<30g/L without accurate BML If the cases without accurate BMl were excluded,the prevalence of undemutri-tion was 5.4%and nutritional risk Was 10.8%.Twenty-three patients(14.4%)with NRS2002≥3 received nutrition support.Thirteen patients(2.2%)with NRS2002<3 received nutrition support.The average PN:EN ratio Wag 1:2.Conclusions A large proportion of inpatients were at nutritional risk or undemutrition in the de-partments of neurology in metropolitan hospitals in Beijing.The application of nutrition support Wag somehow inap-propriate in these patients.Evidence-based guidelines are required to improve this situation

OBJECTIVEThis study is to determine the common oral streptococcal adhesion forces by using composite resin and glass ionomer cement (GIC) with different degrees of surface roughness via atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. The influence of surface roughness on bacterial adhesion force is also discussed.

METHODSPolishing and grinding were applied to obtain 300, 200, 100, and 10 nm surfaces of light-cured composite resin and GIC samples. Surface topography was assessed by AFM analysis. Initial colonizers (Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus mitis) and cariogenic bacterial strains (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus) were used to obtain bacteria-modified AFM probes. The force-distance curves were also measured by AFM analysis to determine the adhesion forces of bacteria on the surfaces of the composite resin and GIC. Material surface roughness was analyzed using ANOVA, and adhesion forces were subjected to nonparametric analysis (Kruskal-Wallis test). Comparison among groups was performed by Dunn's test. Material surface roughness and bacterial adhesion forces were subjected to correlation analysis.

RESULTSBacterial adhesion forces increased with increasing material roughness. The adhesion forces of the four bacterial species reached the maximum on the material surface of 300 nm. The adhesion force of Streptococcus mutans increased from 0.578 nN to 2.876 nN on GIC surfaces with 10 and 300 nm roughness. The adhesion forces of the four species on the surface of the composite resin were stronger than that of GIC. The initial colonizers exhibited stronger adhesion forces to different materials than the cariogenic strains. Intergroup differences were evident on the 200 and 300 nm material surfaces.

CONCLUSIONSThe surface roughness of the material significantly affected the bacterial adhesion forces, and a significant linear correlation existed between both factors. The bacterial adhesion forces of the GIC were lower than that of the composite resin. Furthermore, surface roughness exhibited less influence on the cariogenic strains than that on the initial colonizers.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by repeated abdominal pain and changes in defecation habits, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. The occurrence and development of IBS are affected by many factors. As an inherent component of the gastrointestinal tract, eosinophils play a role in maintaining the local homeostasis of intestine. The activation of intestinal eosinophils plays a direct or indirect role in the occurrence and development of IBS. This article reviewed the progress of research on the potential role of eosinophils in IBS.

2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV) outbreak is one of the public health emergency of international concern.Since the 2019-nCoV outbreak, China has been adopting strict prevention and control measures, and has achieved remarkable results in the initial stage of prevention and control.However, some imported cases and sporadic regional cases have been found, and even short-term regional epidemics have occurred, indicating that the preventing and control against the epidemic remains grim.With the change of the incidence proportion and the number of cases in children under 18 years old, some new special symptoms and complications have appeared in children patients.In addition, with the occurrence of virus mutation, it has not only attracted attention from all parties, but also proposed a new topic for the prevention and treatment of 2019-nCoV infection in children of China.Based on the second edition, the present consensus further summarizes the clinical characteristics and experience of children′s cases, and puts forward recommendations on the diagnostic criteria, laboratory examination, treatment, prevention and control of children′s cases for providing reference for further guidance of treatment of 2019-nCoV infection in children.

The diagnosis of food allergy in children is one hotspot attracting people′s attention in recent years.The incidence of it shows an increasing trend which exposes problems in the understanding of children′s food allergy in China, especially in the misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis.To further standardize the diagnosis and treatment of food allergy in children, based on the current domestic, foreign guidelines and relevant research evidence, the guideline recommends 16 clinical hot-button issues in the 4 aspects of diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention.Finally, a diagnosis flowchart has been formulated.The guideline aims to improve the standard diagnosis and treatment of food allergies in children in China.