Teaching feedback has been affected by many factors including education theory, culture diversity and so on.Article analyized the teaching feedback in United States clinical education in a group of the visiting student’s experience in Harbor-UCLA Medical Center.In clinical education, the aim of teaching can only be could be successfully reached by consideration the specific teaching contact and students’idiosyncrasy and flexible teaching feedback utilization.

Objective To explore emergency treatment strategies for the patients with brain hernia combined with hemorrhagic shock after severe traumatic brain injury and their effect on prognosis.Methods A retrospective analysis was made on 54 patients (study group) with brain hernia combined with hemorrhagic shock treated with selective treatment strategies from May 2006 to May 2009. Another 48 patients with the same injuries treated with no selective treatment strategies from April 2003 to April 2006 were used as control group. The mortality within one week and the GOS six months after injury were compared in two groups. Results There was no statistical difference in aspects of sex, age, injury mechanism, GCS and blood loss in both groups (P＞0.05). Thirteen patients died in the study group within the first week, with mortality rate of 24.1%. While 16 patients died in the control group at the first week, with mortality rate of 33.3% (P＜0.05). GOS half year after injury in the study group was better than that in the control group (P＜0.05).Conclusion Early selective treatment strategy based on degree of shock may obtain better outcome for patients with brain hernia combined with hemorrhagic shock after severe brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: To study the pathological changes of genioglossus with transmission electron microscope (TEM) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) dominated by lingual region obstruction, and to explore the role of tongue organizations in the pathogenesis and its clinical significance. METHOD: Thirty-eight cases of genioglossus were collected from the patients received UPPP and partial glossectomy (3060 severe group 15 cases), 6 adult patients without oropharyneal and hypopharyneal obstructive disease received tongue tumor resection or trauma debridement surgery were collected as control group. The features of morphological changes in genioglossus were observed by TEM. RESULT: Under the TEM, in the control group,the muscle fibers of the genioglossus organization arranges regular, mitochondrial shape between muscle was regular; The below 3 kinds of variations existed simultaneously in all genioglossus specimens of all the OSAHS patients. In the mild group, myofibrillar atrophied, arranged sloppily, the gap was increased, localized filaments were edema, connective tissue between muscle bundles was proliferated, mitochondria were swelling, some were spherical, crests were still clear; In the moderate group, myofibrillar obviously atrophied with different diametric sizes and disorderliness, the Z lines were shortened or distorted, part of the myofibrillar ruptured, dissolved or disappeared, the connective tissues between muscle bundles were obviously proliferated, mitochondria were swellen, vacuolar degeneration, crests were vague, shorten and irregulatio; In the severe group, a large number of myofibrillar were fractured, dissolved, disorganized, integrated condensate lumpy, spotty or flake arranged, Z-lines were distorted or disappeared. Mitochondria were sizes, showed vacuolar degeneration, crests were disappeared, some changes were flocculent, mitochondria accumulation phenomenon was visible in some samples. Moreover, with the AHI increased, the occurence ratio of mild changes was decreased while severe changes occurence ratio increased. CONCLUSION The changes of genioglossus and mitochondrial in OSAHS patients is a continuous, progressive process, moverover, with the aggravation of OSAHS, genioglossus histopathological changes had gradually worsening tendency.
Adult ; Glossectomy ; Humans ; Mitochondria ; Muscle, Skeletal ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; complications ; Tongue ; pathology

The discovery and use of antibiotics is one of the most important breakthroughs in medical history.However, the uprising and spread of the drug-resistance bacterial pathogens have posed a great threat on human health once again.There is an urgent need to develop new antibiotics.Traditional Chinese medicine contains a large volume of bioactive substances suited for novel antibiotic development.However, clinical use of antibiotics of Chinese medicine originis are very rare despite the fact that Chinese medicine has been used for infectious diseases for many years.In this paper, we propose a new mechanism of action for Chinese medicine in treating infectious diseases based on our experimental data.Unlike conventional antibiotics which kill pathogens or inhibit their growth, the traditional Chinese medicine probably function through repressing bacterial pathogenicity.That is, they are actually “antipathogenic drugs”.There are several advantages these antipathogenic drugs possess over traditional antibiotics, including that pathogens are less likely to develop resistance and the drugs have less effect on normal members of the human microbe.

BACKGROUND:The improvement of athletic achievements needs a super-limited exercise to gain,how to protect athletics health under the prerequisite of gaining excellent achievements?OBJECTIVE:To reduce the injury of athletic renal function following maximum exercise by using traditional Chinese medicinal methodDESIGN:A randomized and controlled trial,taking students majoring in sports education specialty as subjects.SETTING:Internal Medicinal Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Hospital of Qufu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Sports Education College of Qufu Normal University.PARTICIPANTS :Two small natural classes were randomly drown up from 16 small natural classes of 2000 grade in Sports Education College of Qufu Normal University, with 20 students in each class, on April 20, 2004.METHODS:All 40 students were according to natural class divided as experimental class and control class.The urine specimens for test were collected 15-20 minutes after one time maximum loading training on April24,2004 and immediately after morning getting-up. The procedure was performed once more on May 24. During the process the students in experimental group had taken the capsule of kidney-and-spleen-strengthening Chinese drug (KSSD, containing mainly Rhizoma Dioscoreae, Radix Polygoni Multiflori, Herba Epimedii, Fructus Lycii, Gynostamma Pentaphyllum,Radix Acanthopanacis Senticosi,Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae,Radix Bupleuri, etc., 0.3 g/pellet), 6 pellets, 3 times a day. Urinary glucoprotein,β2-microglobulin, albumin and globulin were detectedby radio-immunoassay.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The changes of urinary proteins of the students before and after administration following maximum exercise and getting-up in next morning.RESULTS: All students involved were good for the trial, without any loss.① The contents of various urinary proteins for the subjects after the maximum exercise or before administration were all obviously increased,and the conditions of natural recovery of proteinuria on getting-up next morning were quiet different: the recovery of urinary albumin was the fattest, basically to the normal;recoveries of β2 micro-globulin and immune-globulin were obvious, but the recovery of glucoprotein was inconsiderable.② After the second trial,in comparing the experimental group with the control group it was found that KSSD can obviously influence the recovery of proteinuria following maximum exercise:The effect in 12 hours did not be shown because of too fast natural recovery of albuminuria. It could promote the recoveries of β2 micro-globulin and immune-globulin. The effect on recovery of urinary of glucoprotein was obvious,basically to the normal for experimental group and basically no change for control group,there was a significant differentiation between the two groups.CONCLUSION:The contents of urinary proteins were obviously increased following maximum loading training, and natural recoveries of the four kinds of proteins presented regulatory changes.KSSD can promote the recovery of proteinuria following maximum exercise to normal volume,suggesting that the medicine has a protecting role to renal function.

Objective To observe the expression of leptin(Lep) receptor (LepR) and aquaporin 2 (AQP2) in the kidneys of obesity-related hypertensive rats ( OHR ) and to explore the mechanism of Lep resistance and water metabolic disorders in them.Methods OHR( model group) were induced by high-fat diet.Normal Wistar rats were chosen as normal control and hypertensive rats(SHR) as positive control.The serum level of triglycerides(TG), total cholesterol(TC), Lep, vasopressin ( AVP ) , angiotensinⅡ( AngⅡ) and β2-microglobulin (β2-MG ) was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays ( ELISA) and renal morphology was observed by HE staining.The density of LepR and AngⅡtype 1( AT1) in the kidney was observed by immunohistochemistry.mRNA And protein expression of LepR and AQP2 in the kidney was assayed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting.Results Compared with normal rats,the TG, TC, Lep, AVP, AngⅡand β2-MG of the model group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and protein and mRNA expression of LepR and AQP2 in the kidney were up-regulated (P<0.05).Compared with SHR group, TG, TC and Lep in serum of the model group were significantly increased (P<0.05).The concentrations of AVP,β2-MG and Lep was linearly related(R2 =0.87,R2 =0.95).Conclusion Water metabolic disorder and Lep resistance may be involved in the kidney injury of OHR, which may be one of the important pathogeneses of obesity-related hypertension.

Objective To evaluate the effect of Saccharomyces boulardii (SB) administration on very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants.Methods One hundred and ninety-eight preterm infants were prospectively randomized into observation group (105 cases) and control group (93 cases) based on the symptomatic and supportive treatment.When uncompletely stomach intestine nutrition fed,the patients of observation group took SB (50 mg/kg),the patients of control group took equivalent placebo.The times of defecation and diarrhea,the rate of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis,hospital onset of infection (septicemia,pulmonary infection),fungal infection,the time of intravenous nutrition and length of stay were compared.Results The general data in two groups had no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).The times of defecation,time of intravenous nutrition and length of stay in two groups had significant difference [(1.8 ± 0.4) times/d vs.(3.4 ± 0.5) times/d,(30.21 ± 3.43) d vs.(40.47 ± 4.35) d,(33.5 ± 6.8) d vs.(45.4 ± 9.3) d] (P ＜ 0.05).The rate of diarrhea,neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis,septicemia and pyemia in two groups had significant difference [14.3％ (15/105) vs.25.8％ (24/93),11.4％ (12/105) vs.19.4％ (18/93),19.0％ (20/105) vs.29.0％ (27/93)] (P ＜ 0.05).The rate of pulmonary infection and fungal infection between two groups had no significant difference(P＞ 0.05).Conclusion SB administration on VLBW infants can reduce the infection,promote enteral feeding,shorter hospital stay,and has a certain significance on the family and the community.

Objective To study the effect of mild hypothermia combined with edaravone on the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and interleukin-6(IL-6)in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)of patients with severe traumatic brain injury(sTBI)and on their prognoses. Methods A prospective randomizd controled trial was conducted. Seventy-seven patients in the Center for Neurology and Neurosurgery of Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces were randomly assigned into control group(38 cases)and treatment group(39 cases)according to random number table. All the patients were treated with routine treatments such as dehydration of intracranial pressure(ICP),neural nutrition,anti-infection,mechanical ventilation and maintenance of water and electrolyte balance in control group,while in treatment group,the patients received mild hypothermia combined with edaravone on the basis of routine treatment within 24 hours after injury. The contents of TNF-αand IL-6 in CSF were measured by radio-immunoassay(RIA)at different time points in both groups. In the meantime,the ICP was also measured. The prognosis was evaluated after 6 months of injury according to Glasgow outcome scale(GOS). Results Compared to control group,in the treatment group,the expression levels of TNF-αand IL-6 in CSF had no significant difference(both P>0.05)on the 1st day after injury,but they were significantly increased on the 3rd day after injury,began to decline on the 7th day,and reached to the valley value on the 14th day after injury,the degree of descent in treatment group being more significant than that in control group〔TNF-α(μg/L):2.43±0.39 vs. 3.12±0.47,IL-6(ng/L):83.53±11.48 vs. 101.69±13.64,both P<0.01〕. Before the treatment,the level of ICP in treatment group had no significant difference from that of control group(P>0.05),but it was gradually increased on the 1st day after injury in both groups,it reached the peak value on the 3rd day after injury,and began to decline on the 7th day after injury,the degree of descent being more significant in treatment group〔mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa):14.88±3.73 vs. 21.76±4.78,P<0.01〕. The favorable prognosis rate was significantly higher〔35.9%(14/39)vs. 21.1%(8/38),P<0.05〕,and the mortality was obviously lower in treatment group than those of control group〔28.2%(11)vs. 42.1%(16),P<0.05〕. Conclusion In patients with sTBI,mild hypothermia combined with edaravone can protect brain tissue through alleviating high ICP and decreasing the expression levels of TNF-αand IL-6 in CSF, resulting in promoting the recovery of nerve functions and improving prognosis.

Objectives To analyze the risk factors associated with infant wheezing in Zhongshan city. Methods A multi-center, large sample of case-control study was applied and the data related to risk factors was collected by questionnaire survey. T test and chi-square test were firstly used for univariate analysis, and then the multivariate stepwise logistic regression was used to analyze the independent risk factors associated with infant wheezing. Results A total of nine factors were found rele-vant to infant wheezing by univariate analysis including parental allergic history, way of birth, respiratory syncytial virus infec-tion, Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, personal allergic history, like crying, parents have constant disagreements, home near the road, and factory around (P<0.05). Parental allergic history (OR=3.441, 95%CI:1.914-6.186, P<0.001), respiratory syncy-tial virus infection (OR=2.910, 95%CI:1.793-4.723, P<0.001), Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection (OR=2.277,95%CI:1.110-4.667, P=0.025), home near the road (OR=2.036, 95%CI:1.280-3.239, P=0.003) and like crying (OR=1.521, 95%CI:1.049-2.206, P=0.027) were approved to be the independent risk factors of infant wheezing in ZhongShan. Conclusions Nine factors have relationship with infant wheezing, including parental allergic history, respiratory syncytial virus infection, Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, home near the road, like crying, personal allergic history, and that the former five factors are the indepen-dent risk factors.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of the scallop skirt glycosaminoglycan (SS-GAG) in vitro on the endothelial cell damaged by oxygen free radical and the mechanism of its anti-atherosclerotic effects. Methods The endothelial cells of human umbilical vein (HUVEC)were cultured in vitro, and the damage model of endothelial cells was established by oxygen free radicals . After the damage of HUVEC by Fenton reaction, the effects of SS-GAG on the proliferative activity of HUVEC were observed by the methods of MTT chroma-tometry ,the influence of SS-GAG on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was studied by chromatometry and the effects of SS-GAG on secretion of endothelins and angiotensin Ⅱ were observed by the methods of radio-immunity. Results Compared with the control group, proliferation activity of damage group cell lowered obviously ,LDH release in culture media,and the excretion of endothelins and angiotensin Ⅱ in HUVEC rised obviously. In the groups pre-treated with SS-GAG, cell proliferation activity, the LDH release and the excretions of ET and Ang Ⅱ showed obvious differences compared with model group. Conclusion SS-GAG reduce the damage of endothelial cell caused by oxygen free radicals, restrain the secretion ofendothelins and angiotensin Ⅱ . These results indicate that SS-GAG has protective effects on the endothelial cells damaged by oxygen free redicals and the anti-atherosclerotic mechanism of SS-GAG was related to its protective effects on the endothelial cells.