The left IMA graft to the LAD showed a string sign with no antegrade flow in an asymptomatic 67-year-old man 3 years after the operation. The LAD lesion had regressed from 95% stenosis to less than 50% during this period. Exercise electrocardiographic and thallium 201 myocardial scintigraphic examinations revealed no ischemia in the LAD region. When the LAD was temporarily occluded by a PICA balloon, the anterograde flow from the IMA to the LAD could be demonstrated by angiography. The IMA graft in no flow situation has maintained anatomical patency for 3 years after the operation.

A case of coronary subclavian steal following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using the internal thoracic artery (ITA) in the presence of the stenosis of the left subclavian artery (SCA) is reported. The patient was a 70-year-old woman who developed recurrent angina about one year and three months after CABG with an ITA to LAD, and then underwent postoperative coronary arteriography. Angiograms revealed retrograde flow through the ITA to the left SCA and severe stenosis of the origin of the left SCA. Restoration of antegrade flow througn a left ITA graft to the coronary artery was achieved by balloon angioplasty to the stenosis of SCA. This procedure resulted in resolution of symptoms. The coronary subclavian steal is an infrequent, but very important complication after CABG with an ITA, and should be kept in mind in this mode of CABG.

Perivalvular leakage (PVL) is one of the serious complications of mitral valve replacement. Between 1991 and 2006, 9 patients with mitral PVL underwent reoperation. All of them had severe hemolytic anemia before surgery. The serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level decreased from 2,366±780 IU/l to 599±426 IU/l after surgery. The site of PVL was accurately defined in 7 patients by echocardiography. PVL occurred around the posterior annulus in 3 patients, anterior annulus in 2, anterolateral commissure in 1, and posteromedial commissure in 1. The most frequent cause of PVL was annular calcification in 5 patients. Infection was only noted in 1 patient. In 4 patients, the prosthesis was replaced, while the leak was repaired in 5 patients. There was one operative death, due to multiple organ failure, and 4 late deaths. The cause of late death was cerebral infarction in 1 patient, subarachnoid hemorrhage in 1, sudden death in 1, and congestive heart failure (due to persistent PVL) in 1. Reoperation for PVL due to extensive annular calcification is associated with a high mortality rate and high recurrence rate, making this procedure both challenging and frustrating for surgeons.

Multivessel coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) utilizing ITA grafts was performed in 110 consecutive patients, ranging in age from 24 to 76 years with a mean of 54±9 years. A mean of 3.2±0.8 grafts per patient was placed with a hospital mortality of 0.9%. Bilateral ITAs (BITA) were used in 87 patients and sequential ITA grafting (SQ-ITA) was carried out in 31, and both BITA and SQ-ITA were used in 8 patients. Noncardiac late death occurred in 1 patient and a 5-year survival rate was 98%. During this follow-up term, 11 (10%) patients underwent low-risk PTCA for ITA anastomotic stenosis (4 lesions), SVG stenosis (5 lesions) and native coronary stenosis (4 lesions) with a success in all. No reoperation has been required so far in this series. Graft patency rates were 97% for BITA with no differences for the left and right ITAs, and 100% for SQ-ITA (both proximal and distal). No sternal infection was encountered in this series, on which we believe mediastinal, sternal and subcutaneous irrigation appeared most effective. In BITA grafting, right ITA was frequently anastomosed to the LAD, passing on the aorta, which will make reoperation through a median sternotomy dangerous to this graft. To improve safety for reoperation, we have covered the ITA graft with an 8mm EPTFE graft or membrane with no side effects on ITA grafts. However, true efficacy of this protective method remains unproved because no reoperations have been required in this series of patients.

The sudden onset of anuria in a 71-year-old man was found to be caused by the non-inflammatory (atherosclerotic) large abdominal aortic aneurysm compressing the bilateral ureters. A computed tomography scan demonstrated the bilateral extrinsic ureteral obstructions due to the large aneurysm of 13cm in diameter, left hydronephrosis and no thick layer of perianeurysmal fibrotic tissue. On the 9th day from the onset of anuria, an emergency operation was performed. There was no fibrotic adhesions around the aneurysm and mobilization of the aorta was easy. A straight Dacron prosthesis was inserted between the infrarenal aorta and the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta following resection of the aneurysm of the atherosclerotic origin. Soon after the operation, the patient had very good urinary output with adequate recovery of renal function. This case seems to be very uncommon, but very important in the surgical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm complicated by oliguria or anuria.

Here, we present a case of successful aortic valve repair of traumatic aortic regurgitation (AR). A man in his early twenties had a chest blunt trauma due to a bicycle accident 6 years earlier and suffered sternum fracture. He recovered without cardiovascular complications. Three months previously, a new diastolic murmur was detected on medical checkup. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed severe AR, and the left ventricular end-diastolic-/end-systolic dimension was 69/51 mm. Transesophageal echocardiography showed severe AR with perforation of the non-coronary cusp and dilatation of the aortic annulus (29.6 mm). Aortic valve repair was performed with an autologous pericardial patch and external suture annuloplasty. Postoperative TTE showed normal aortic valve function with trivial AR. He was discharged on postoperative day 11. Three months later, TTE showed trivial AR along with a reduced left ventricular dimension and improved left ventricular ejection fraction.