Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the severe cases of hand , foot and mouth disease ( HFMD) in Danzhou and to provide a scientific evidence for the prevention of severe HFMD.Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was used to analyze the characteristics of severe ca -ses of HFMD occurred from 2010 to 2014 .Results A total of 18 960 cases of HFMD were reported in Danzhou City from 2010 to 2014.The death rate (annual deaths/1000 persons) was 0.13%.One hundred and eighty-eight cases (0.99%) were diagnosed as severe HFMD with a male to female ratio of 2.4 :1 and 96.28%of them were scattered inhabiting children .Six cases were died from severe HFMD and all of them were under 2 years of age.In total 87.77%of the severe cases were occurred in children under 2 years of age.The severe cases were mainly occurred in June and July .Children form the countryside showed higher rates of severe HFMD than those from cities and towns .No significant differences in the time between the in-itial diagnosis and treatment for children with HFMD in countryside and urban areas were found .However , the differences in the duration from initial diagnosis to severe HFMD between children in countryside and ur -ban areas were statistically significant (M-W test, P<0.05).Among the 188 severe cases, 82.44% were initially diagnosed as common HFMD cases by the county-level medical institutions and 90.96%were diag-nosed as severe cases by the municipal and above medical institutions .The cases positive for EV71 strains accounted for 44.15%.Conclusion Most of the severe HFMD were developed in scattered inhabiting chil-dren under 2 years of age in the countryside of Danzhou during 2010 to 2014.In order to decrease the mor-bidity and mortality of severe HFMD in children , it is necessary to implement health education for residents , to improve the professional skills of medical staffs in the early diagnosis of HFMD , and to strengthen etiologi-cal surveillances and warning system for HFMD .

Objective To investigate the relationship between hepatic fibrosis stage and clinical serum fibrosis markers in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB).Methods Liver puncture biopsy was performed in 189 CHB patients.The serum levels of hyalyronic acid (HA),laminin (LN),procollagen Ⅲ (PCⅢ),collagen Ⅳ (Ⅳ C),liver function and peripheral blood routine were detected simultaneously. The comparison, correlation and regression analysis were performed based on different fibrosis stages (S).Results From SO to S4 group,levels of PC Ⅲ,γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-G-T),total bilirubin (TBil),protein electrophoresis γ-globulin (Ely-γ) and prothrombin time (PT) were progressively elevated,the differences were statistically significant (F value was 3.325,6.218,2.958,10.160 and 7.028,P＜0.05),while cholinesterase (CHE),total protein (TP),albumin (Alb) and platelet (PLT) were progressively declined,the differences were also statistically significant (F value was 15.984,3.768,14.919 and 4.737,P＜0.05).The differences of LN,IVC,ALT and AST between groups were statistically significant (F value was 4.618,2.795,2.649 and 3.199,P＜0.05).Fibrosis stages (s) was positively correlated with LN,PCIII,ALT,AST,TBil,γ-GT,Ep-γand PT (r=0.200,0.306,0.172,0.273,0.153,0.402,0.415,0.269,respectively);while it was negatively correlated with CHE,TP,Alb and PLT (r=-0.502,-0.208,-0.413,-0.390,respectively);I.N,AI.T,CHE,PLT and Ep-γ were the independent risk factors which affecting hepatic fibrosis stages.Conclusions Liver fibrosis stage in histopathology was correlative in certain degree with the serum markers of hepatic fibrosis,liver function,and blood routine examination.Combined analysis of clinical data may be used to early diagnose hepatic fibrosis non-invasively.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a global health problem that causes major illnesses and disabilities worldwide. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that the prevalence of AR has increased progressively over the last few decades in more developed countries and currently affects up to 40% of the population worldwide. Likewise, a rising trend of AR has also been observed over the last 2–3 decades in developing countries including China, with the prevalence of AR varying widely in these countries. A survey of self-reported AR over a 6-year period in the general Chinese adult population reported that the standardized prevalence of adult AR increased from 11.1% in 2005 to 17.6% in 2011. An increasing number of original articles and imporclinical trials on the epidemiology, pathophysiologic mechanisms, diagnosis, management and comorbidities of AR in Chinese subjects have been published in international peer-reviewed journals over the past 2 decades, and substantially added to our understanding of this disease as a global problem. Although guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of AR in Chinese subjects have also been published, they have not been translated into English and therefore not generally accessible for reference to non-Chinese speaking international medical communities. Moreover, methods for the diagnosis and treatment of AR in China have not been standardized entirely and some patients are still treated according to regional preferences. Thus, the present guidelines have been developed by the Chinese Society of Allergy to be accessible to both national and international medical communities involved in the management of AR patients. These guidelines have been prepared in line with existing international guidelines to provide evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of AR in China.
Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; China ; Comorbidity ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Diagnosis* ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Epidemiology ; Global Health ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity* ; Prevalence ; Rhinitis, Allergic*