Objective To establish a Alzheimer dementia(AD) model in mice. Methods The C57BL/6 mice were lesioned with ibotenic acid in Nucleus basalis of Meynert(NBM). Behavioral tests by eight-arm radial maze were conducted 8 weeks, and immunohistochemical staining of choline acetyltransferase(ChAT), serotonin(5-HT), GAD(GABA), amyloid-?protein (AP) was conducted 12 weeks after NBM lesioning. Results In NBM lesioned mice, the ChAT-positive neurons, serotonin-positive neurons, and GAD-positive neurons in right NBM reduced, and ChAT-positive neurons reduced most evidently. At the same time, the ChAT-positive fibers in prefrontal and parietal cortices decreased significantly, serotonin-positive axons slightly, accompanied by heavily AP co-expression. On the contrary, there was no change of GAD-positive neurons in cortex. The working memory error increased significantly.Conclusion Ibotenic acid lesioning in NBM can provide as a model of AD in that it produces deafferentation of cholinergic system and recent memory disruption.

Objective To explore the repaired effects of autotransplantation of bone marrow-derived neural stem cells (BMSCs) on hippocampus of epilepsy rats.Methods Male SD rats were randomly divided into groups normal control (NC),graft and non-graft .Under sterile condition, the BMSCs of rats were isolated, and under specific condition the BMSCs were cultured to induce and differentiate into neural stem cells(NSCs). Then the models of temporal lobe epilepsy were established in groups graft and non-graft , and the NSCs were autotransplanted into the right hippocampus of rats of graft group. The morphological changes of the hippocampus were observed at 1,2 ,4,8,16 weeks after the transplantation respectively.Results The number of hippocampal CA3 pyramid cells of groups non-graft and graft significantly decreased than that in NC group(all P

Objective To explore the changes of blood fat in patients with cerebral infarction complicated by metabolic syndrome (MS) receiving community path intervention treatment.Methods A total of 116 cases of cerebral infarction complicated by MS were selected and given comprehensive intervention treatment after risk assessment.Patients were divided into intervention group (60 cases) and control group (56 cases) according to their difference in compliance.Results After intervention,the total cholesterol (TC),triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in two groups were significantly decreased,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly increased.There were significant differences in intervention group before and after intervention (P＜ 0.05).Compared with those in control group,differences of all index in each time point in intervention group were statistically significant (P ＜0.05).There was no significant difference in carotid plaque integral before intervention between two groups (P＞ 0.05).The carotid plaque integral 12 and 24 months after intervention in intervention group was significantly lower than that before intervention (P ＜ 0.05).The carotid plaque integral 12 and 24 months after intervention in intervention group was significantly lower than that in control group [(3.20 ± 2.01) cm vs.(4.71 ±2.87) cm,(2.98 ±2.61) cm vs.(4.60 ±2.43) cm,P＜0.05].Twelve and 24 months after intervention in intervention group,TC and carotid plaque integral was significantly positive correlation (r =0.304 and 0.317,P ＜ 0.05),TG and carotid plaque integral was significantly positive correlation (r =0.229 and 0.128,P ＜ 0.05),LDL-C and carotid plaque integral was significantly positive correlation (r =0.654 and 0.518,P ＜ 0.05),and HDL-C and carotid plaque integral was significantly negative correlation (r =-0.495 and-0.528,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion For patients of cerebral infarction complicated by MS,great importance should be attached to early prevention and control of their major components so as to reduce the incidence of acute cerebrovascular recurrence and mortality.

BACKGROUND: It is indicated in latest research that in cerebral protective measures of cerebral vasospasm induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage due to various factors in acute stage, mild hypothermia has been drawn the attention specially and it has been recommended in clinical practice. But such therapy is generally limited in experimental research and aneurysm hemorrhage, the clinical research on subhypothermia probably provides important influence on cerebral vasospasm in severe craniocerebral injury.OBJECTIVE: Based on cerebral vascular hemodynamical indexes (CVDI),the cerebral protection of subhypothermia was observed on cerebral vasospasm in severe craniocerebral injury.DESIGN: Randomized controlled experiment.SETTING: Department of Neurological Surgery of No.16 Hospital of Chinese PLA and General Military Institute of Neurological Medical Science in Zhujiang Hospital Affiliated to First Military Medical University of Chinese PLA.PARTICIPANTS: Totally 36 cases of severe craniocerebral injury were selected in General Military Institute of Neurological Medical Science in Zhujiang Hospital Affiliated to First Military Medical University of Chinese PLA from July 1997 to August 1999, which were randomized into the control and treatment group, 18 cases in each one. At same period, 24 cases with normal CVDI were screened and taken as normal group. All of receptors participated in the experiment in volunteer.METHODS: In both the control and treatment group, the treatment was applied with anti-inflammation, stopping bleeding, fluid limitation, dehydration, supporting, hyperbaric oxygen, etc. In the control, the normal body temperature was maintained and in treatment group, anus temperature was dropped to about 33 ℃ in 4 hours to 8 hours, which was maintained for 3-test was given on the day of injury (0), on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st days assay was done on the day of injury (0), on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st days successively, in which, minimum blood velocity (Vmin) and minimum blood flow (Qmin) reflect blood supply of distal cerebral vessel and blood flow.Cerebral vessel resistance (CVR) reflects smooth degree of cerebral microcirculation. Dynamical resistance (DR) reflects auto-regulation of cerebral vessel. Criteria of evaluation: Recovery state of consciousness was justified according to Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) in 1 week after injury. The outcomes were evaluated according to Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) in 3 months (5 score: good, 4 score: moderate handicapped, 3 score: severely handicapped, 2 score: vegetative state and 1 score: death). The case over 4 score indicated good outcome.ery of consciousness and outcomes in 1 week after injury in the control and treatment group.RESULTS: Totally 36 cases of severe craniocerebral injury entered result phases after injury in the control, named hypoperfusion phase (0 day), hyperperfusion phase (1-3 days), cerebral vasospasm phase (4-14 days) and improving phase (＞15 days). In treatment group, 3 phases were manifested,named hypoperfusion phase (0 day), improving phase (1-3 days) and recovery phase (＞ 4 days), without hyperperfusion phase. Eight cases and 2 cases of cerebral vasospasmodic changes in CVDI presented in the control in focus: The maximum volume (140.9±22.95) cm3 was on the 14th day after injury in the control and that (95.83-±14.97) cm3 was on the 3rd day in treatment group. On the 14th day after injury, the volume in treatment group in 1 week after injury: It was 22.2% (4/18) in the control and 55.6%(10/18) (P ＜ 0.05) in treatment group. Improving outcome rate: It was 38.9% (7/18) and 66.7% (12/18) in treatment group.CONCLUSION: Subhypothermia reduces incidence of cerebral vasospasm by stabilizing cerebral circulation after severe craniocerebral injury, especially by inhibiting acute hyperperfusion after the injury so that the volume of cerebral edema in focus is lessened remarkably and the prognosis is improved.

To clarify the function and molecular mechanism of miR-155 in myogenic differentiation of C2C12, we constructed adenovirus over-expression vector of miR-155, then C2C12 cells were infected by adenovirus and induced myogenic differentiation. First, we observed the morphology of C2C12 after differentiation. Then the mRNA and protein expressions of myogenic markers (MyoD, MyoG and MyHC) were detected by qPCR and western blotting. Subsequently, the dual luciferase reporter gene assay was carried out to validate putative target gene (TCF4) of miR-155. Meanwhile, mRNA level of TCF4 was analyzed after over-expressing miR-155. The results show that over-expressed miR-155 reduced myotubes formation. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expression of MyoG and MyHC decreased significantly (P < 0.01). Further research demonstrated miR-155 bound the one (4532-4538) of three putative sites (1487-1493,1516-1522, 4532-4583) of TCF4 by luciferase reporter gene assay and the mRNA level of TCF4 decreased notably (P < 0.05). The data suggest that miR-155 inhibited myogenic differentiation of C2C12 through targeted TCF4.
Animals ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors ; genetics ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Genetic Vectors ; Mice ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; Myoblasts ; cytology ; Myogenin ; genetics ; metabolism ; Myosin Heavy Chains ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Transcription Factor 4

BACKGROUND: Dopamine is closely associated with occurrence of epilepsy and transmission in central nerval system, and its various functions are determined by specific receptors.OBJECTIVE: To establish temporal epilepsy model so as to probe into the influences of SCH23390, the antagonist of dopamine D1 receptors and haloperidol, the antagonist of dopamine D2 receptors injected in substantia nigra on temporal epileptic seizure induced by kainic acid and on electroencephalic activityDESIGN: Randomized controlled verified experiment.SETTING: Neurology Medicine Institute of Zhujiang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University.MATERIALS: The experiment was performed in General Military Neurology Medicine Institute of Zhujiang Hospital Affiliated to First Military University of Chinese PLA from August to December 2004, in which, 30SD adult male rats were employed, massed varied from 250 to 300 g.METHODS: ① 30 rats were randomized into physiological saline (control) group (6 rats), kainic acid (KA) group (6 rats) and experimental group (18 rats). The experimental group was divided into 3 subgroups, named the antagonist of dopamine D1 receptors, SCH23390 + kainic acid group (D1 +KA group), the antagonist of dopamine D2 receptors,haloperidol + kainic acid group (D2+KA group) and physiological saline + kainic acid group (PS + KA group), 6 rats in each. In the control, physi ological saline 2 μL was injected in the right cerebral ventricle unilaterally. In KA group, kainic acid 2 μL was injected in the right ventricle. In each of experimental group, SCH23390, the antagonist of dopamine D1 re ceptors, haloperidol, the antagonist of dopamine D2 receptors and physio logical saline 1 μL for each was injected in substantia nigra on the right side successively and simultaneously, kainic acid 2 μL was injected in the right ventricle. ② Observed items: alters of EEG on the 0.5th 1st, 2nd, 6th and 24th hours after medication in each experimental group (compared with EEG of non-epileptic behavior, appearance of sharp wave, spike wave,sharp (spike) slow comprehensive wave and multi-spike slow wave determines epileptic activity) and changes in animal behaviors (0 grade: normal; Ⅰ grade: wet dog-like trembling, paroxysmal facial spasm, like winking,beard moving, rhythmic chawing; Ⅱ grade: rhythmic nodding; Ⅲ grade:paroxysmal spasm of anterior limbs; Ⅳ grade: paroxysmal spasm of bilateral anterior limbs when standing; Ⅴ grade: falling down, loss of balance and convulsion of four limbs). Cerebral hippocampal neural cell apoptosis was observed and the rats were sacrificed on the 5' day of medication. Cerebral hippocampal section was prepared and determined after in situ end labeling staining.MAIN OUTCOME MEAUSRES: ① Changes in behavior in rats before and after epilepsy and electroencephalogram (EEG) alters. ② Results of cerebra hippocampal neural cell apoptosis.RESULTS: Thirty rats entered result analysis. ① Epilepsy seizure: In the control group, there was no epilepsy attacked. In KA group, all of rats ap pear seizure, which attacked 10 minutes after KA injected in brain ventricle, reached the peak in 1 hour and stopped in 3 to 6 hours. ② EEG record: In the control group, there was not epileptic activity manifestations,like sharp wave, spike wave, spike slow comprehensive wave, etc. In KA group, epileptic wave presented in 10 minutes after injection, the seizure developed to the peak in about 1 hour, the wave amplitude was decreased in 3 to 6 hours, presenting paroxysmal slow and spike slow waves and no epileptic wave appeared after 12 hours. ③ Neuronal apoptosis: In the control group, few neural cell apoptosis was visible in hippocampus after injection.In KA group, neural cell apoptosis was visible obviously in hippocampus in 5 days after injection (P =0.00). With SCH23390, the antagonist of dopamine D1 receptors, hippocampal cell apoptosis was not reduced remarkably (P ＞0.05) and with haloperidol, the antagonist of dopamine D2 receptors injected in substantia nigra, hippocampal cell apoptosis was aggravated (P =0.00).CONCLUSION: Injection of SCH23390, the antagonist of dopamine D1 receptors in substantia nigra cannot block kainic acid inducing epilepsy and epileptic electroencephalic activity is not weakened remarkably. Injection of haloperidol,the antagonist of dopamine D2 receptors enhances epileptic electroencephalic activity in kainic acid induced epilepsy and increases cell apoptosis remarkably in cerebral hippocampal CA3 area.It is to explain that it is dopamine D2 acceptor that is involved in regulation of temporal epilepsy in substantia nigra rather than D1 acceptor.

BACKGROUND: Bone marrow mesenchymal cells, multiple-potential non-hematopoiefic stem cells adhering to the wall in vitro culture, can be induced to proliferate and differentiate towards neurons and glia cells.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the growth state of cat bone marrow mesenchymal cells in vitro culture, as well as the capability to differentiate towards neural stem cells.DESIGN: A randomized sampling study.SETTING: Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University.MATERIALS: This study was carried out at the Central Laboratory of the General Military Neurological Research Institute, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University between January and December 2002. Twenty healthy home-raised cats, aged 1.0 - 2.0 years and weighing 2. 5 - 4.0 kg, male and female in half, were provided by the Animal Center of the First Military Medical University of Chinese PLA.INTERVENTIONS: Bone marrows were randomly aspirated from the left or right hindlimbs in order to separate bone marrow mesenchymal cells, then the bone marrow mesenchymal cells single cell suspension was co-cultured with neural stem cell culture media in vitro so as to induce differentiation to neural stem cells with tretinoin. CK2 type inverted optical microscope(Olympus,Japan) was used to observe the growth of bone marrow mesenchymal cells in vitro culture, as well as 4, 12, 24, 48 hours of induction upon eliminating or not eliminating the wall-adhering cells. Bone marrow mesenchymal cells in stem cell stage were identified under Olympus optical microscope with modified immunohistochemical staining.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The growth state and the immunocytochemical staining of living bone marrow mesenchymal cells exposed to experimental intervention were observed under the Olympus inverted optical microscope.RESULTS: Data from the 20 cats were analyzed without loss. Reversed microscopic observation revealed that cat bone marrow mesenchymal cells becrame larger when cultured in vitro, which were rich in plasmic granules with prominence projecting, adhering to the wall and forming cell clones. These cells were then successively cultured, and imnunohistochemical staining analysis suggested that the passaged bone marrow mesenchymal cells could express neural stem cells-specific antigen Nestin and differentiate towards glia-like cells and neuron-like cells.CONCLUSION: Cat bone marrow mesenchymal cells possess the characteristics of stem cells; they can be amplified into cell clones and induced to express the property of neural glia cells and neuron-like cells under proper condition.

BACKGROUND: Astrocytes play active roles in neuronal activity through reciprocal communication with neurons.OBJECTIVE: To observe the distribution of pyramidal cells and astrocytes in rat hippocampal CA3 area and to reconstruct their three-dimensional relationship.DESIGN: A randomized controlled experiment based on rats.SETTING: Neurosurgery department in a university and neuroscience institute in a military medial university of Chinese PLA.MATERIALS: The experiment was conducted in the Neurosurgery Department of Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University and the Neuroscience Institute of Fourth Military Medial University of Chinese PLA from October 2001 to June 2003. Thirty-day-old male SD rats were provided by the Experimental Animal Center of Fourth Military Medial University of Chinese PLA.METHODS: The techniques used in this study were brain slice patch-clamping whole-cell recording, lucifer yellow (LY) staining, immunofluorescence and laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM).MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The discharge features of neurons and the spatial distribution of astrocytes.RESULTS: The hippocampal neurons were classified into 2 types according to their discharge patterns: phasic and non-phasic neurons. The observation under both LSCM and three-dimensional reconstruction revealed that a large number of astrocytes aggregated around LY-dyed pyramidal cells and there were tight contacts between them. The contacts between astrocytes and the two types of neurons differed in that they were found both on dendrites and cell body of non-phasic neurons but on dendrites of phasic neurons.CONCLUSION: The spatial distributions of astrocytes around different types of hippocampal pyramids may be different.

Objective To investigate the effect oflamotrigine (LTG) on repair ofhemisection of spinal cord in mice models.Methods A total of 80 female C57BL/6 mice were employed to establish the models of spinal cord hemisection,and randomly divided into 3 groups:spinal cord injury (SCI) group (n=27),SCI+LTG group (n=26) and SCI+0.9％ saline group (n=26);mice in SCI+LTG group were given intraperitoneal injection oflamotrigine (25 mg/kg) for a consecutive 7 d,and mice in the SCI+0.9％ saline group were given the same volume of 0.9％ saline.Basso,Beatti,Bresnahan (BBB) scale was performed 1,7 and 14 d after SCI;6 mice in each group were sacrificed 1,7 and 14 d after SCI,and glial fiber acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)-positive cells were observed by immunofluorescence and the expressions of inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-1,IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were observed by ELISA.Results On the 7th and 14th d of injury,the BBB scale scores in the SCI+LTG group were significantly higher than those in the SCI group and SCI+0.9％ saline group (7 d:5.1667±0.40825,4.0000±0.63246 and3.8333±0.40825;14 d:6.5000± 0.5477,5.5000±0.5477 and 5.3333±0.5164,P＜0.05).On the 7th and 14th d of injury,less percentage of GFAP positive ftuorenscent area and fewer number of Iba1 positive cells in the SCI+LTG group were noted than those in the SCI group and SCI+0.9％ saline group (P＜0.05).On the 7th d of SCI,the IL-1 and IL-10 expressions in the SCI+LTG group were obviously lower than those in the SCI group and SCI+ 0.9％ saline group (P＜0.05).Conclusion Lamotrigine improves the motor function after SCI by decreasing the secretion of inflammatory factors and activation of glial cells.

OBJECTIVE: To report the way for searching the chorda tympani nerve and the significance for preserving the chorda tympani nerve during canal-wall-down mastoidectomy and tympanoplasty surgery. METHOD: Sixty-six cases with chronic suppurative otitis media underwent canal-wall-down mastoidectomy and tympanoplasty surgery. According to the marker of the short crus of incus, the posterior wall of auditory canal was lowered and crista of the chorda tympani nerve was found through tracing the facial nerve contour. The chorda tympani nerve was preserved after clearing the surrounding tissue. RESULT: Among the 66 cases, 24 cases had middle ear cholesteatoma, 42 cases had granulation in middle ear. The cholesteatoma and granulation on the surface of the chorda tympani nerve were cleared thoroughly. No neurotmesis or obvious change of taste occurred after operation. CONCLUSION Canal-wall-down mastoidectomy and tympanoplasty surgery preserving chorda tympani nerve integrality may preserve the structure and function of the chorda tympani nerve, reduce the risk of ossicle extrusion above the head of stapes and serve as a frame for transplanting fascia.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Cholesteatoma, Middle Ear ; surgery ; Chorda Tympani Nerve ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Mastoid ; surgery ; Middle Aged ; Otitis Media, Suppurative ; surgery ; Tympanoplasty ; methods ; Young Adult