The overweight and obese population may affect the population health which can lead to economic stability and development of the countries to be compromised. Thus, this study estimates the burden of disease attributable to overweight and obesity in Malaysia for adults aged 20-59 years old. Population attribution fraction (PAF) and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) have been used to quantify years of life lost from premature death and number of years lost due to disability resulting from obesity and overweight. The burden of disease attributable to overweight was 1582 and 1146 PYs per 1000 persons for male and female, respectively. Meanwhile, the burden of disease attributable to obesity was 2951 PYs per 1000 persons with women in the lead at 1657 PYs per 1000 persons. The burden of overweight and obesity among Malaysian adults is substantial. The outcome of this study is crucial as it gives a comprehensive information on the burden of overweight and obesity in Malaysia. The information from this study also enables the authorities to develop activities and programs to combat obesity and tomaintain healthy lifestyle among Malaysian.
obesity ; relative risk ; disability-adjusted life year (DALY) ; population attributable fraction (PAF)

Introduction: Health insurance plays a crucial role in healthcare and financial protection. Nonetheless, a considerable portion of Malaysia's low-income population lacks health insurance. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between health insurance and out-of-pocket health expenditure (OOPHE) among the low-income group (B40 households) in Malaysia. Materials and methods: The current study used data from the National Health and Morbidity Surveys (NHMS) conducted in 2015 and consisted of 18,616 B40 respondents. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and a two-part model were employed for data analysis purposes. The two-part model encompassed a logit regression in the first part and a generalised linear model (GLM) in the second. Results: Most B40 households are underinsured, with only 13.81% having insurance. The results also found that insured households (0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01%, 0.0.87%), those over 65 years old (1.00, 95% CI: 0.41%, 1.60%), utilisation of inpatient care (2.62, 95% CI: 2.24%, 2.99%), women (0.28, 95% CI: 0.20%, 0.35%), higher education (0.27, 95% CI: 0.13%, 0.42%) and retirees (1.18, 95% CI: -0.01%, 2.37%) significantly spent more on OOPHE. In comparison, private workers (-0.32, 95% CI: -0.50%, -0.14%) and self-employed individuals (-0.27, 95% CI: -0.46%, -0.08%) significantly spent less on OOPHE. Conclusion: The findings confirm that health insurance significantly increases the OOPHE among B40 households. This highlights the necessity of a national health insurance (NHI) program that is managed by the government and provides a comprehensive benefits package. NHI will achieve much better results in controlling healthcare expenditures and reducing the prevalence of catastrophic OOPHE