Background: Inflammation is a crucial process driving pathogenesis in malaria infection. The devastating effects of malaria infection has always been associated with severe inflammation whilst protective effect is linked to provocation of anti-inflammation responses. IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 are well-established anti-inflammatory cytokines with their functional roles during malaria infection remain elusive. Therefore, this study was undertaken to study the effects of modulating IL-10, IL-4 and IL-13 on the course of malaria infection in Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA)-infected murine model. Methods: Male ICR mice were randomly assigned into 5 different groupings and were infected intraperitoneal with 0.2 mL of 2 x 107 pRBCs containing P. berghei ANKA (PbA). Malaria-infected mice were treated with recombinant mouse IL-4 (rmIL-4), recombinant mouse IL-10 (rmIL-10) and recombinant mouse IL-13 (rmIL-13) for 4 consecutive days after the establishment of the infection. The survival and parasitemia levels of malarial mice and malarial mice under different treatments were monitored. Major affected organs (kidneys, lungs, brain, liver and spleen) were subjected to histopathological analysis at day-5 post infection. Results: Our findings revealed that the overall lifespan of malarial mice treated with recombinant mouse rmIL10, rmIL-4 and rmIL-13 were prolonged, accompanied with significant reduction in malaria parasitemia levels, in particular in malarial mice receiving recombinant rmIL-10 and rmIL-13. Histopathological conditions of kidneys, lungs, brain, liver and spleen treated with recombinant mouse rmIL-10, rmIL-4 and rmIL-13 were also improved. Sequestration of parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) and inflammation seen in major affected organs were alleviated. Conclusion Despite some limitations, this preliminary study demonstrated the promising therapeutic effects of IL-10 and IL-13 as adjuvant therapies in reducing severe pathological manifestations triggered by inflammation during malaria infection.
Malaria

Knowledge of renal vasculature anomalies is important during the preparation of renal and abdominal surgeries. In this case report, we described a rare finding of bilateral aberrant renal arteries, located at the superior pole of both kidneys, in a cadaver of an elderly Asian man during an anatomy practical session. The aberrant arteries branch from the abdominal aorta, slightly above the level of the normal renal arteries. Additionally, an accessory left renal vein was found to originate from the superior pole of the left kidney which later drains into the left renal vein. No accessory right renal vein was observed. The left renal vein was usually located anterior to the aorta, and bilateral testicular veins were noted to drain into common destinations.