The occurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a multi-gene,multi-step process.Among them,oncogene activation and antioncogene inactivation is the important mechanism.The related oncogenes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma contain Bcl-2,hepatocyte growth factor (HGF),cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1).The related antioncogenes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma contain p53,p16,Nm23-H1 and PTEN.With the deepening research on genes,studies also find that nasopharyngeal carcinoma is related to PECAM-1,MMP-9 and RECK.These genes play important roles in the occurrence and development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma,which may become new targets for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Interleukin (IL) -17A plays a key role in the occurrence and development of psoriasis. To date, several marketed IL-17A and its receptor antagonists have been applied to the treatment of psoriasis, and definite therapeutic effects have been achieved. However, several adverse reactions, including upper respiratory tract infection, Candida infections, neutropenia, inflammatory bowel disease, which can be life-threatening, have been reported in clinical trials and after marketing of these biologics. This review summarizes clinical safety profiles of 3 types of interleukin-17A and its receptor antagonists, i.e., secukinumab, ixekizumab and brodalumab.

Total flavones were isolated from the fructus of choerospon-dias axillaris(Roxb. )Burrt et Hill ( TFC ) . TFC (40.32 and 20.16 nig/kg?d-1 , ip~5d) strengthened markedly functions of cellulae immunity and humoral immunity in normal mice as well as in immunodepressed mice induced by cyclophsphamide ( 25mg/kg?d-l, ih~2d). TFC caused a significant increase of the weights of spleen and thy-mus, and the production of serum hymolysin in normal and immunodepressed mice.TFC elevated normal titer of antibody induced by secondary antigen stimulation, and increased ANAE ( + ) cell percentage of lymphocyte and phagocytic activity of macrophages of abdominal cavity in normal and immunodepressed mice. TFC increaced the production of serum lysozyme in normal mice.

Radiation-induced xerostomia is the common radiotherapy-related complication of nasopharyngeal cancer and other head and neck cancers.The cause is that the radioactive rays damage salivary gland acini,ducts,blood vessels and nerves at different levels,resulting in dry mouth,mucositis,sialadenitis,and even dysphagia,trismus and other symptoms.In addition,radiation-induced xerostomia has a close relation to the radiation effect on the genes.Reasonable application of cytoprotective agents and sialagogues is the main treatment means.Chinese medicine also plays a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia in recent years.

10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.24.024

Using immunoenzymatic technique,we have observed the localization ofimmunoglobulins in human palatine tonsils,of patients suffering from chronictonsilitis and hyperplasia.The result as follows:1.Epithelium:The outer surface of tonsil is lined by stratified squamous epithelium,the epithelium rarely shows keratinization and lacks a well-defind and continuousbasement membrane.In the basal layer of epithelium,it is reticular structure andspaces between the cords of epithelium cells are filled with Ig~+ lymphocytes andplasma cells,the reticular structure is particularly pronounced near the crypts.Thisspecial structure is regarded as an expression of active immune function.In thesuperficial layer of epithelium,the predominate cells are Ig~- small lymphocytes,maybe T lymphocytes.2.Follicle:All follicles have germinal centres,especially hyperplastic tonsils.The follicle has polarity,each follicle may be divided into three Zones(a b c),twozones(a b)form the centre of the follicle and the thired(c)is the mass of smalllymphocytes“capping”and enclosing the centre.The upper limits of zone(c)areoften indistinct,from the presence of many lymphocytes in the epithelium.Thedistribution of Ig~+ cells in follicle are different from their three zones.In the centre,IgG cells are most numerous,next most numerous are IgA~+ cells,and considerablyfewer IgM positive cells.In the c zone,only a few Ig~+ cells are seen(IgG IgM).Itis found that the germinal centre may produce more than one type of Ig,it differsfrom the report of Sordat,but quite agrees with Curran's result.However the numbersof cells containing the various types of Ig show a great difference.3.Other lymphoid tissue:The tissue between the follicles are rich in small Tlymphocytes and a few Ig~+ containing cells,this area was called thymic dependentarea.At an older age,this region is always enlarged,but the density of the cellswill decrease,meanwhile much connective tissues are seen in the stroma.

A sensitive immunocytochemical technique has been used to study the effect of Cordyceps Sinesis on the IgM and IgG antibody-forming cells in mouse spleen. The results indicate that after the mice have been treated for 7 days with Cordyceps Sinesis, their splenic nodules were increasing, the germinal centers became prominent and the marginal zones were thickening. The immunocytochemical results disclosed that a huge amount of IgM and IgG lymphocytes appeared in the splenic nodules, especially in the marginal zones, which were thickening due to the proliferation of the IgM-lymphocytes. In the red pulp, a large amount of IgM- and IgG-plasma cells were peripherally located in the terminal arteries or sinuses, indicating that it may be convenient for the plasma cells to release the antibodies into blood circulation. The results suggest that the Cordyceps Sinesis could stimulate the IgM-and IgG-lymphocytts to proliferate and promote the forming of antibodies.

Leu 7 monoclonal antibody and immunohistochemical technic were used to study the distribution of NK cells in human lymph node, tonsil, spleen and thymus. The results indicated that the NK cells predominately distributed in B cell area, such as germinal center of secondary follicle, which occured in lymph node and tonsil. A few NK cells were found in the paracortex and medulla of lymph node. In the spleen, the NK cells mainly located in the germinal center of splenic nodules and in the periphery of white pulp. However, the NK cells were never shown in the perarterial lymphatic sheath, some NK cells also scattered in the pulp cord and sinuses of red pulp. In the thymus, the NK cells were restricted in the medulla, and the number of NK cells reduced in the aged thymus. In addition, the Leu 7 antibody was reacted with epithelial cells, which located in the cortical periphery or thymic lobule. The morphology of NK cells in different lymphoid organs was similar. The staining intensity of Leu 7 antibody was identical both in the frozen and paraffin sections.

9 fetal and 7 juvenile thymuses were used to identify the asteroid cells on the frozen sections by immunohistochemical method. The results indicated that the thymic medulla, except B cells, contains a type of larger cells with small cytoplasmic processes, which has in common with B cell antigens, such as 1gM, 1gA, Leu14, BA-1, HLA-DR and light chain-Kappa, but they do not express OKB-2. Moreover, the asteroid cells do not reactive with T cell antibody and follicular dendritic cell antibody, and lack of ANAE activity. The asteroid cells in the fetal thymus are constantly located in the corticomedullary region, while, in the juveniles, the asteroid cells are mainly distributed within medulla or in the vicinity of Hassall's corpuscles. As regards the function of asteroid cells is not clear. Based on their distribution, it is probably associated with T cell maturation. On the morphologic ground, the asteroid cells are similar to interdigitating cells in thymus, the relationship between them has been discussed.

Objective To study the molecular identification method of Sporothrix schenckii based on the nucleotide sequences in internal transcribed spacer region 2 of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes. Methods Species-specific primers were used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer region 2 of rDNA of 22 clinical isolates of Sporothrix schenckii and 12 strains of dematiaceous fungi. Totally 11 strains of Sporothrix schenckii were sequenced and analyzed, in which 1 strain came from the US and the others were isolated from different areas in China. A pair of species-specific oligonucleotide primers (SSP) were designed based on the ITS2 sequence. With the species-specific primers, rDNA of Sporothrix schenckii and dematiaceous fungi were amplified by PCR. Results Sequencing and analysis showed that internal transcribed spacer region 2 of rDNA gene was conservative in Sporothrix schenckii. A 300 bp fragment was obtained from 22 strains of Sporothrix schenckii, but not from the other species. Conclusions This method is specific, sensitive and reliable for the identification of Sporothrix schenckii and could be used for clinical molecular diagnosis.