The occurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a multi-gene,multi-step process.Among them,oncogene activation and antioncogene inactivation is the important mechanism.The related oncogenes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma contain Bcl-2,hepatocyte growth factor (HGF),cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1).The related antioncogenes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma contain p53,p16,Nm23-H1 and PTEN.With the deepening research on genes,studies also find that nasopharyngeal carcinoma is related to PECAM-1,MMP-9 and RECK.These genes play important roles in the occurrence and development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma,which may become new targets for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Interleukin (IL) -17A plays a key role in the occurrence and development of psoriasis. To date, several marketed IL-17A and its receptor antagonists have been applied to the treatment of psoriasis, and definite therapeutic effects have been achieved. However, several adverse reactions, including upper respiratory tract infection, Candida infections, neutropenia, inflammatory bowel disease, which can be life-threatening, have been reported in clinical trials and after marketing of these biologics. This review summarizes clinical safety profiles of 3 types of interleukin-17A and its receptor antagonists, i.e., secukinumab, ixekizumab and brodalumab.

Total flavones were isolated from the fructus of choerospon-dias axillaris(Roxb. )Burrt et Hill ( TFC ) . TFC (40.32 and 20.16 nig/kg?d-1 , ip~5d) strengthened markedly functions of cellulae immunity and humoral immunity in normal mice as well as in immunodepressed mice induced by cyclophsphamide ( 25mg/kg?d-l, ih~2d). TFC caused a significant increase of the weights of spleen and thy-mus, and the production of serum hymolysin in normal and immunodepressed mice.TFC elevated normal titer of antibody induced by secondary antigen stimulation, and increased ANAE ( + ) cell percentage of lymphocyte and phagocytic activity of macrophages of abdominal cavity in normal and immunodepressed mice. TFC increaced the production of serum lysozyme in normal mice.

Radioactive seed implantation in pancreatic cancer is a very effective treatment. Its indications, contraindications and complications have been improved gradually. Radioactive seeds can be implanted precisely under CT or ultrasound-guided. Treatment of seeds can be combined with chemotherapy, radiofrequency ablation and other means to improve the clinical efficacy.

10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.24.024

Radiation-induced xerostomia is the common radiotherapy-related complication of nasopharyngeal cancer and other head and neck cancers.The cause is that the radioactive rays damage salivary gland acini,ducts,blood vessels and nerves at different levels,resulting in dry mouth,mucositis,sialadenitis,and even dysphagia,trismus and other symptoms.In addition,radiation-induced xerostomia has a close relation to the radiation effect on the genes.Reasonable application of cytoprotective agents and sialagogues is the main treatment means.Chinese medicine also plays a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia in recent years.

A series of monoclonal antibodies have been used to study the distribution of T and B lymphocytes and their subsets in human spleen (5 from normal human and 2 from patients with portal hypertension). The results indicate that the T cells are mostly located in the periarterial lymphatic sheath, and in which a few B lymphocytes can be seen. The B cells are concentrated in lymphoid follicles, but also contain some T lymphocytes such as Leu 1, Leu 3a and Leu 4 positive T cells, these cells are necessary for forming of germinal center. Whereas the marginal zone, is composed of a mixture of T and B cells as well as the T_(ac) positive cells. The red pulp is composed of a mixture of T and B ceils, but the T and B cells are distributed randomly. In this report, the LN-2 monoclonal antibody is used first to study the B lymphocytes in human spleen. So far it is a unique antibody to react with nuclear membrane of B lymphocytes, the activity of LN-2 antigen do not influenced by B-5 fixation and paraffin embedding. From our data, there is no difference in staining feature and charateristic distribution between the normal human spleen and spleen of portal hypertensive patients. Although the periarterial lymphatic sheath in cases with portal hypertension seems to be narrower than the normal.

The mucous glands (sublingual gland, pyloric gland, main pancreatic duct gland, duodenum gland and large intestinal gland) have been studied-by means of labelled lectins and histochemical methods. The results indicated that a large amount of mucopolysaccharide with sailic acid are found in sublingual glands and pyloric glands, while a large amount of sulfate mucopolysaccharide are observed in the other three glands. In addition, the reactivity of DBA and PNA in mucous glands are different, for example, the sublingual and large intestinal glands are negative for DBA and PNA staining. On the contrary, the pyloric glands, duodenum glands as well as main pancreatic duct glands are heavily stained with DBA, but various between the mucous glands stained with PNA. The goblet cells in duodenum, large intestine and main pancreatic duct are similar in their morphology, but the reactions of PAS, AB and lectins are different between them, even so in the same organ, the staining pattern also differ from their locations. The mucous glands and goblet cells contained different mucopolysaccharides, which might be concerr/ed with different functions in different organs.

Leu 7 monoclonal antibody and immunohistochemical technic were used to study the distribution of NK cells in human lymph node, tonsil, spleen and thymus. The results indicated that the NK cells predominately distributed in B cell area, such as germinal center of secondary follicle, which occured in lymph node and tonsil. A few NK cells were found in the paracortex and medulla of lymph node. In the spleen, the NK cells mainly located in the germinal center of splenic nodules and in the periphery of white pulp. However, the NK cells were never shown in the perarterial lymphatic sheath, some NK cells also scattered in the pulp cord and sinuses of red pulp. In the thymus, the NK cells were restricted in the medulla, and the number of NK cells reduced in the aged thymus. In addition, the Leu 7 antibody was reacted with epithelial cells, which located in the cortical periphery or thymic lobule. The morphology of NK cells in different lymphoid organs was similar. The staining intensity of Leu 7 antibody was identical both in the frozen and paraffin sections.

9 fetal and 7 juvenile thymuses were used to identify the asteroid cells on the frozen sections by immunohistochemical method. The results indicated that the thymic medulla, except B cells, contains a type of larger cells with small cytoplasmic processes, which has in common with B cell antigens, such as 1gM, 1gA, Leu14, BA-1, HLA-DR and light chain-Kappa, but they do not express OKB-2. Moreover, the asteroid cells do not reactive with T cell antibody and follicular dendritic cell antibody, and lack of ANAE activity. The asteroid cells in the fetal thymus are constantly located in the corticomedullary region, while, in the juveniles, the asteroid cells are mainly distributed within medulla or in the vicinity of Hassall's corpuscles. As regards the function of asteroid cells is not clear. Based on their distribution, it is probably associated with T cell maturation. On the morphologic ground, the asteroid cells are similar to interdigitating cells in thymus, the relationship between them has been discussed.