With the unremitting efforts of researchers for the past 40 years, the survival of patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) has been improved to 86%. Patients with SAP, although had been given fluid resuscitation and formal non-operative therapy in 72 hours after the onset, still progress to organ dysfunction can be diagnosed with fulminant acute pancreatitis (FAP). The treatment methods for FAP include sufficient fluid resuscitation, formal non-operative therapy and removing etiological factors. If patients have the tendency toward deterioration of organ function or incidence of abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), creating conditions for early surgical drainage is essential, and the surgical procedure should be as simple as possible. The survival rate of patients with FAP is still unsatisfactory, and the advanced age, high scores of acute physiology and chronic health enquiry ( APACHE Ⅱ ), sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) and Balthazar, and the incidence of ACS are the indicators for a poor prognosis of patients with FAP.

Objective To investigate the pattern of organ dysfunction in acute pancreatitis.Methods Seven hundred and eighty-three SAP patients who were treated in Department of Surgery,Ruijin Hospital from January 2001 to December 2008 were retrospectively analyzed.According to 2012 acute pancreatitis classification,these SAP patients were further divided into MSAP and SAP.Diagnosis of organ dysfunction was based on SOFA scores.Results Among the 783 patients,there were 573 MSAP patients and 210 SAP patients.The main etiology was of biliary origin (47.9％).Six hundred and ninety-eight patients survived,and 85 patients died with the mortality rate of 10.9％.Among the 783 patients,organ dysfunction occurred in 273(34.9％) patients,and the number of patients with 1,2,3,4 or more organs dysfunction was 109,81,60 and 23,and the mortality was 1.8％ (2 patients),37.0％ (30 patients),50.0％ (30 patients),100％.Among the 109 patients with single organ dysfunction,there were 48 MSAP and 61 SAP patients,and 98.2％ was cured,only 2 patients died.Among the 164 patients with multiple organ dysfunction,there were 15 MSAP and 149 SAP patients,and 50.6％ died.Respiratory,cardiovascular,nervous,renal,hematologic and liver dysfunction occurred in 206 (26.3％),103 (13.2％),92 (11.7％),80 (10.2％),41 (5.2％),27 (3.4％); and the mortality rates were 38.8％ (126/206),49.5％ (51/103),37.0％ (34/92),63.8％ (51/80),53.7％ (22/4),44.4％ (12/27).Respiratory dysfunction had the highest incidence,and renal failure was associated with the highest mortality.Conclusions In the course of acute pancreatitis,single organ dysfunction has the highest incidence but the mortality is low.Four or more organs dysfunction has the lowest incidence,but the mortality is 100％.Respiratory and cardiovascular dysfunction has the highest incidence,and renal,hematologic dysfunction is associated with poorest prognosis.

Objective To investigate the indication an d timing for operation in severe acute pancreatitis. M ethod The clinical data of 213 patients with severe acute pancr eatitis treated in our hospital were analyzed. Resul ts Fifty two cases of severe biliary pancreatitis were treated operatively with survival rate of 92%, in which the death cases had a mean su rvival time of 31 days. 43 cases were treated nonoperatively with survival rate of 88%, in which death cases had a mean survival time of 3 days. Sixty five case s of non-biliary pancreatitis were treated operatively with survival rate of 75 %, in which the death cases had a mean survival time of 56 days. 56 cases were treated nonoperativly with survival rate of 89%, in which the death cases had a mean survival time of 8 days.Conclusion (1)Pancreatitis with biliary obstruction should be treated by urgent surgery, in those with infected necrosis a surgery is also indicated.(2) In no n-biliary pancreatitis, nonoperative therapy should be adopted unless there is a sign o f severe peritonitis. Moreover, patients with rapid deteriorated clinical condit ions should undergo exploration. (3) Localized infected necrosis is indicated fo r operation.

Objective To assess the cost-utility and medical economics of surgjcal treatment for SAP.Methods A retrospective study of SAP patients admitted from January to December 2003 to Ruijin Hospital was carried out.The cost of treatment was obtained from financial department and patients questionnaire;health-related quality of life was assessed by using the SF-36 brief questionnaire and the results were compared with normal population and were converted into rQALY,then utility scores were obtained so as to conduct CUA (cost-utility analysis)and related factors were analyzed.Results 98 patients with SAP were discharged,85 were discharged healthy;of them,59 patients had complete records were followed up,2 died during follow up,with a mortality of 3.4%,one patients could not finish the questionnaire and 6 did not respond,finally 50 finished the questionnaire;the total cost in hospital was 9899095 yuan,per capita 101011 yuan;the corrected post-discharge cost was 681737 yuan;the total cost was 10580832 yuan.The cost of medication was the highest,which accounted for 56%of all the cost.The means and deviations for each of eight scales(PF,RP,RE,BP,VT,MH,SF,GH)scores of SF-36 in SAP patients were 83.00±14.64,61.5.0±42.32,68.67±36.52,79.98±14.90,68.80±18.94,72.40±14.75,75.00±17.53,64.70±18.28.compared with normal population,gained 1929.05 QALYs;the cost-utility analysis was 5485 yuan per QALY.The patient's age,length of stay,chronic co-morbidity was associated with the cost of treatment.Conclusions SAP treatment in surgery department was justified in medical economics.Medication contributed to the most part of total costs.The related factors of cost included age,length of stay and chronic co-morbidity.

Objective To investigate the change of intestinal barrier function and the protection of pentoxifylline (PTX) to intestinal barrier. Methods Fifty-four SD male rats were randomly divided into 3groups, including sham operation group, ANP group, PTX group. ANP rat model were induced by retrograde injection of 5% sodium taurocholate into pancreatic and bile duct. Rats in sham operation group underwent operation without injection of taurocholate. After ANP induction, the rats in PTX group received PTX at a dose of 25 mg/kg weight via penis vein. The rats were sacrificed 3, 6, 24 h after operation, the serum levels of amylase, D-lactic acid, TNF-α were determined. The pancreas tissue and terminal ileum were harvested for pathological examination; ZO-1 levels of ileum epithelial tight junction were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results Six hours after induction, the serum levels of amylase, TNF-α, D-lactic acid in ANP group were(9141±672)U/L, (347.96±79.47) pg/ml and (10.21±1.08 ) rmg/L, which were significantly higher than those in sham operation group [(1723 ± 57 )U/L, (134.09 ± 31.36 )pg/ml and (4.33 ±0.49)mg/L, P ＜0.01]. The serum levels of amylase, TNF-α, D-lactic acid in PTX group were (7965 ± 318 ) U/L, (238.48 ± 44.35 ) pg/ml and ( 8.75 ± 1.28 ) mg/L, which were significantly lower than those in ANP group, but they were significantly higher than those in sham group ( P＜0.05 or ＜0.01). The positive rate of ZO-1 was (3.29±0.36)% in sham operation group, and it was (1.91 ± 0. 32)% in ANP group,which was significantly lower than that in sham operation group (P ＜ 0.05 ); and the value was (2.53±0.43)%in PTX group, which was lower than that in sham group, but it was higher than that in ANP group(P＜0.05).Conclusions PTX may attenuate intestinal barrier function injury by decreasing the breakdown of intestinal ZO-1.

Objective: To investigate the causes and management of enteral feeding intolerance in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Methods: The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed of 128 SAP patients who underwent enteral feeding treatment during the period from January 2006 to January 2008. Results: The rate of enteral feeding intolerance was significantly higher in the group of patients who didn' t use Flocare 800 pump, single-use enteral feeding tube and heater (10/50 or 20.0%) than that in the group of patients who used Flocare 800 pump, single-use enteral feeding tube and heater (5/78 or 6.4%). Conclusion: The possible risk factors of enteral feeding intolerance may be transfusional speed, temperature and concentration of nutritional fluid. Severity of acute pancreatitis is another important factor. Intestinal dysfunction should be noticed during the enteral nutritional support.

Objective To investigate the etiology of acute recurrent pancreatitis (ACP) and de-termine how to further enhance its level of treatment.Methods The clinical data of 33 patients with ACP treated in Ruijin Hospital from 2003 to 2007 were retrospectively analyzed.Results Of the 33 patients with an average age of 55 (22-86), 18 (55%) were male and 15 (45%) female.ACP occurred once in 26 patients, twice in 4 and 3 times in 3.The disease appeared whithin 1 year in 29 patients, 1-2 years in 2, 2-3 years in 1 and 3 years in 1 after being dischared from hospital.For its etiology, it was of biliary origin in 29 patients, hyperlipidemia in 1, pancreatic tumor in 1 and unknow reasons in 2.Twenty-four patients were treated with operation or endoscopy.Two patients died and the mortali-ty was 9.1%.Conclusion ACP is mainly due to biliary origin in China.Operative intervention at an appropriate opportunity can effectively reduce the recurrence of biliary-origin pancreatitis.

Objective To investigate the variation of procalcitonin(PCT) in blood and tissue level of acute pancreatitis rats and probe its significant. Methods One hundred and two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group ( n = 6 ), lipopolysaccharide group ( LPS, n = 24 ), acute edematous pancreatitis (AEP) group ( n = 24), acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) group ( n = 24), AN P + LPS group ( n = 24). Subcutaneous injection of cerulein was used for AEP induction, while ANP model was induced by retrograde injection of sodium taurocholate into the biliary and pancreatic duct. The rats were sacrificed at 3,6, 18 and 24 hours after model induction. Pancreatic tissue was harvested and the pathological scores were assessed. Levels of PCT in serum, liver, lung, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine tissue was harvested and tissue levels of PCT were determined. Results AEP and ANP models were established successfully. At 6 h, the serum levels of PCT in control group, LPS group, AEP group, ANP group and ANP +LPS group were (0.0144 ±0.0082) ng/ml, (0. 1722 ±0.0449) ng/ml,(0.4751 ±0.0572) ng/ml, (0.7070 ±0. 1040) ng/ml and ( 1. 1960 ±0.8644) ng/ml, respectively; and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05 ). PCT could be detected in liver, lung, spleen, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine tissue of normal rats. PCT levels in liver and pancreas of ANP group were not statistically different, but the PCT levels in lung, spleen, and large intestine tissue significantly decreased, and the corresponding values were (5.63 ±0.62) ng/ml vs. (6.85 ±0.46) mg/ml, (4.73 ±1.27) mg/ml vs. (6.88 ±0.37) ng/ml, (1.08 ±0.52) ng/ml vs. (4.12 ± 1.02) ng/ml (P <0.01 ). However, the PCT levels in small intestine significantly increased, which were (2.51 ±0.90) ng/ml vs (0.98 ±0. 12) ng/ml (P<0. 01). Conclusions Serum PCT level was associated with the severity of AP and infection; the changes of PCT levels in different tissues may be related with the changes of organ's function.

Objective: To explore the relationship between different serum albumin and lymphocyte levels in patients with 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia (COVID-19). Methods: A retrospective study was performed to identify the characteristics of the clinical data of 205 COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized in the Happy Street of Hanchuan People's Hospital, Xiaogan, Hubei Province from January 24 to February 12, 2020, including their general information, serum albumin (ALB) levels, lymphocyte counts (LYM), percentage of lymphocytes (LYM%) and other laboratory parameter levels. Low ALB group and normal ALB group were demarcated by the concentration of 35g/L, further to identify the differences of LYM and LYM% levels and the incidence of LYM and LYM% decline at different ALB levels between groups,as well as the correlation between ALB and LYM, LYM% levels in hypoalbuminemia conditions . Results: 17.5% of COVID-19 patients were associated with hypoalbuminemia. The levels of LYM and LYM% in the low ALB group were significantly lower than those in the normal ALB group (P <0.001). The incidence of LYM and LYM% decline in the low ALB group was significantly higher than those in the normal ALB group (P <0.001). The levels of LYM and LYM% in the low ALB group were significantly positively correlated with serum ALB concentrations (P <0.05). Conclusions The decrease of lymphocyte levels in COVID-19 patients may be correlated to hypoalbuminemia. COVID-19 patients complicated by hypoalbuminemia should be actively intervened to maintain serum albumin in the normal range.