Objective To analyze the clinical prevalence,distributed characteristic of different ages,clinical characteristics and pathogenic factors of chronic abdominal pain in children.Methods A database in which outpa-tient and inpatient of abdominal pain during 2 -14 years old were collected from January 2011 to December 2015 was established by utilizing HIS system.A statistical analysis was made in age,sex,onset time,time of duration,mesenteric lymph node status and surgical situation.Results A total of 13 256 times abdominalgia were enrolled from January 2011 to December 2015.7 390 patients were diagnosed as unexplained abdominal pain,including 1 005 patients (13.59%)were diagnosed as chronic abdominal pain.A male -to -female ratio was 1.06:1.The average age was 6 years(ranged 2 -14 years).The average age of the boys was (6.02 ±2.87)years,which of the girls was (5.93 ± 2.79)years,there was no statistically significant difference between them(t =0.47,P =0.63).The peak age of chro-nic abdominal pain in children was mainly from 3 to 7 years old.The incidence decreased with age increased.The average time of duration was (16.70 ±11.69)months,that of the boys was (17.39 ±12.12)months,and that of the girls was (15.96 ±11.19)months,there was statistically significant difference between them(t =1.93,P =0.05). Mesenteric lymphadenectasis was detected in 731 patients(72.74%).The age constituent ratio decreased with age increased.The peak age of the prevalence coincided with peak age of the mesenteric lymphadenectasis.21 patients underwent surgical procedures,organic lesions accounted for 2.08%.Conclusion The peak age of the prevalence of chronic abdominal pain in children is mainly from 3 to 7 years old.Potential organic causes are rarely linked to chronic abdominal pain in children.Most of them are functional abdominal pain.The appendix and mesenteric lymphadenecta-sis might play an important role in children with chronic abdominal pain.The therapeutic aim of CAP in children is to make the children back to their normal life by exclude the organic causes and relieve their pain.The natural history of chronic abdominal pain suggests that symptoms remit spontaneously with increasing age.

ObjectiveTo evaluate radio-frequency hemostasis in hepatectomy.MethodsFrom January 2009 to February 2011,the clinical data of 60 patients undergoing curative liver resection were divided into two groups using radio-frequency hemostasis (RFH) and clamp crushing method (CCM) respectively,RFH group (30 cases) and CCM group (30 cases).There was no difference between the 2 groups regarding the age,sex.hepatic function and tumor size.Data regarding the intra-operative and postoperative courses of the patients were analyzed.ResultsNo damage of hepatic vein occured in RFH group.Hepatic veins rupture occurred in 5 cases and massive bleeding occurred in 3 cases in CCM group.lntra-operative blood loss was significantly less in FRH group [ (219 ±62) ml] than in CCM group [ (416 ±96) ml ] (P ＜ 0.05 ).The postoperative drainage volume in RFH group was significantly less than that in CCM group on the third postoperative day.The serum ALT and T-BIL in RFH group was significantly lower than that in CCM group on postoperative day 1 and day 7 ( separately t =5.987,16.803,22.264,8.386,8.255,all P ＜0.05 ).Postoperative hepatic function in RFH group was significantly better than that in CCM group.ConclusionsThe use of radio-frequency hemostasis in hepatectomy is less traumatic,of less bleeding,faster recovery than clamp crashing method.

Objective Because of statistical noise in Monte Carlo dose calculations,the effective point doses may not be accurately calculated.A user-defined sphere volume was adopted to substitute the effective point to take sphere sampling around the effective point,which minimize the random errors and improve the accuracy of statistical dose.Methods Direct dose measurements were performed at 0°and 90° using a 0.125 cm3 Semiflex ionization chamber (IC) 31010 isocentrically placed in the center of a homogeneous Cylindric sliced RW3 phantom (PTW,Germany).In the scanned CT phantom series,the sensitive volume length of the IC (6.5 mm) was delineated and the isocenter was defined as the simulated effective point.All beams were simulated in the treatment planning system (TPS) in accordance to the measured model.The grid spacing was calculated by 2 mm voxels and the relative standard deviation should be ≤ 0.5％.The statistical and measured doses were statistically compared among three IC models with different electron densities (ED;esophageal lumen ED =0.210 g/cm3 for model A,air ED =0.001 g/cm3 for model B and the default CT scanned ED for model C) at different sampling sphere radius (2.5,2.0,1.5 and 1.0 mm) to evaluate the effect of Monte Carlo.calculation uncertainty upon the dose accuracy.Results In the Monaco TPS,the statistical value was in the highest accordance with the measured value with an absolute average deviation of 0.49％ when the IC was set as esophageal lumen ED =0.210 g/cm3 and the sampling sphere radius was 1.5 mm.When the IC was set as air ED=0.001 g/cm3 and default CT scanned ED,and,the recommended statistical sampling sphere radius was 2.5 mm,the absolute average deviations were 0.61％ and 0.70％.Conclusion In the Monaco TPS,the calculation model with an ED of 0.210 g/cm3 and a sampling radius of 1.5 mm is recommended for the ionization chamber 31010 to substitute the effective point dose measurement to decrease the random stochastic errors of Monte Carlo.