Autofluorescence is produced by lipofuscin in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells which is induced by exciting light and enables the visualization of lipofuscin changes in the RPE cells, thus showing the function of RPE and photoreceptor cells. Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging is a non-invasive imaging technique providing information of RPE and photoreceptor cells, which is not obtainable with other imaging modalities. The scope of applications includes identification of diseased RPE in retinal diseases, elucidating pathophysiological mechanisms, estimating disease progression and prognosis, guiding treatment protocols. Common fundus diseases have different pathological types, levels and causes, so they can cause various damages of RPE and photoreceptor cells which induce complicated FAF. It is worth further observing and investigating the common retinal diseases' FAF characteristics and clinical applications.

Objective To observe the efficacy of adjuvant intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy for advanced Coats disease.Methods This study is a retrospective case series study.Fourteen patients (14 eyes),presenting Coats Stages 3B and 4 (8 and 6 eyes,respectively) were enrolled.All the patients were treated with adjuvant intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy.The intravitreal anti-VEGF injections varied from 1 to 7,with a median injections of 2.14.In 14 eyes,combined therapy was subretinal fluid drainage in 4 eyes,photocoagulation in 2 eyes,vitrectomy in 8 eyes.The follow-up period was ranged from 4 to 36 months,with a median follow-up of 18.8 months.Visual acuity and retinal reattachment were observed in follow up.Results At last follow up,global suvival was 100.0％ with no enucleation performed in any patient because of disease progression.Except for 2 children who were unable to cope with the visual acuity test,visual acuity was improved in 2 patients,stable in 8 patients,and decreased in 2 patients.5 patients (35.7％) achieved in complete retinal reattachment,3 patients (21.4％) were succeed in partial retinal reattachment,and the remain 6 patients(42.8％) failed in retinal reattachment.Two patients developed cataract after vitrectomy,and no other adverse reaction was observed during follow-up.Conclusion Anti-VEGF therapy combined with classic treatments in advanced Coats disease can keep or impove the visual acuity in most patients by reducing of subretinal exudation.

Objective:To evaluate the efficiency of using artificial intelligence reading label system in diabetic retinopathy (DR) grading training among junior ophthalmologists and medical students.Methods:520 diabetic fundus images were randomly divided into 8 groups with 65 images in each group. 13 junior ophthalmologists and medical students were selected as the research objects. Each of them read 8 groups of pictures and evaluated the DR grading of each fundus image. The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic test consistency (Q-kappa value) of grading results were analyzed with the DR grading given by 3 senior ophthalmologists as the gold standard. The average Q-kappa values of 13 subjects were compared between the first four times and the last four times.Results:Through 8 round reading, the average Q-kappa was elevated from 0.67 to 0.81. Average Q-kappa of round 1 to 4 was 0.77, and average Q-kappa of round 5 to 8 was 0.81. The participants were divided into two groups. Participants in group 1 were junior ophthalmologists and participants in group 2 were medical students. Average Q-kappa of group 1 was elevated from 0.71 to 0.76. Average Q-kappa of group 2 was elevated from 0.63 to 0.84.Conclusions:The artificial intelligence reading label system was a useful tool in training junior ophthalmologists and medical students in doing diabetic retinopathy grading.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy ofintravitreal injection (IVI) ofexpansile gas alone to treat idiopathic full-thickness macular hole (FTMH).Methods This is a prospective interventional case series.Twenty FTMH patients (26 eyes) who underwent IVI with expansile gas alone were enrolled in this study.There were 5 males (5 eyes) and 21 females (21 eyes),with the mean age of (59 ± 12) years.All patients received the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA),slit lamp microscope,indirect ophthalmoscopy,fundus color photography and three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (OCT) examinations.The BCVA was measured using the international standard visual acuity chart,and the results were converted to the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity.The diameters of macular holes and the interface between vitreous and macular were observed by OCT (Topcon,OCT-2000).Based on the diameter,the holes were classified as small FTMH (equal or lesser than 250 μm),medium FTMH (more than 250 μm but equal or lesser than 400 μm) and large FTMH (more than 400 μm).The mean BCVA was 0.85 ± 0.29.There were 7,10 and 9 eyes with small,medium and large FTMH.There were 10 eyes with vitreous-macular traction (VMT).All the eyes received IVI of 0.2 ml C3F8 followed facedown positioning for 7-14 days.The follow-up ranged from 1 to 23 months.The BCVA,FTMH closure and complications were observed.If holes failed to close at 1 month after IVI,vitrectomy combined with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling and C3F8 tamponade would be performed for these eyes.Results FTMHs was able to close in 17/26 eyes (65.4％) had hole closure,failed to close in 9/26 eyes (34.6％).All 10 eyes with VMT achieved vitreous-macula separation after IVI of gas.The eyes failed in the closure initially with IVI of gas alone,all succeed with hole closure after vitrectomy combined with ILM peeling and C3F8 tamponade.The closure rate of small (6 eyes),medium (8 eyes) and large FTMH (3 eyes) was 85.7％,80.0％ and 33.3％ respectively.The diameter of FTMHs in holes-closure eyes and failed-closure eyes was (307.8 ± 122.8),(431.6± 128.4) μm respectively,the difference was significant (t=-2.407,P=0.024).VMT was found in 6 eyes and 4 eyes in holes-closure group and failed-closure group,respectively,the difference was significant (t=-2.196,P=0.038).The mean preoperative BCVA was 0.51 ±0.36.There was a significant difference between pre-and postoperative BCVA (t=4.758,P＜ 0.05).Two eyes developed local retinal detachment,which achieved hole closure and retinal reattachment after vitrectomy.Conclusion IVI of expansile gas alone is an effective way in treating FTMH with a diameter smaller than 400 μm and with VMT before surgery.

Objective To evaluate the optical coherence tomograghy (OCT) morphological parameters for predicting anatomical outcomes and postoperative visual acuity in idiopathic macular hole (IMH) after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV).Methods A retrospective study.A total of 26 eyes in 23 IMH patients underwent PPV,internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling and gas filling surgery were included in this study.The patients included 8 eyes of 7 males and 18 eyes of 16 females,with the mean age of (63.9 ± 9.4).All patients received the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA),slit lamp microscope,indirect ophthalmoscopy and three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (3D OCT) examinations.The BCVA was measured using the international standard visual acuity chart,and the results were converted to the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity.According to the standard classification system of International Vitreomacular Traction Study (IVTS) Group,8 eyes were medium full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) and 18 eyes were large FTMH,none of which were with vitreomacular traction (VMT).The minimum diameter (MIN),base diameter (BASE),height (H),left and right arm length (LAL and RAL),diameter of ellipsoid zone absence (DEZA) were measured.Macular hole index (MHI),hole form factor (HFF),tractional hole index (THI),diameter hole index (DHI) were calculated.The average follow-up period were (9.2 ± 9.7) months.The postoperative DEZA were measure at the last time.Anatomical outcomes were divided into 3 groups.The multiple factors related with predicting anatomical outcome and visual acuity were analyzed.Results In the 26 eyes,the hole was closed in 16 eyes of type 1,7 eyes of type 2,3 eyes of type 3.The mean pre-and post-operative logMAR BCVA were 0.9 ± 0.3,0.7 ± 0.3 respectively.The MIN,BASE,H were (533 ± 176),(1 035 ±270),(462 ± 138) μm respectively.The MHI,HFF,THI,DHI were 0.46 ±0.15,0.72 ±0.19,0.95 ±0.37,0.52 ±0.11 respectively.The mean preand post-operative DEZA were (1 775 ± 486),(960 ± 138) μm respectively.Postoperative logMAR BCVA were correlated significantly with MHI,THI (all P ≤ 0.01),correlated weakly with MIN,BASE,HFF (all P ≤ 0.05),but not correlated with age,sex,DHI,pre-and post-operative DEZA (all P ＞ 0.05).Anatomical prognosis types were significantly correlated with MHI,HFF,THI (all P ≤ 0.01),weakly correlated with MIN,DHI (all P ≤ 0.05),but not correlated with age,sex,BASE,pre-and post-operative DEZA (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions For medium and large FTMH in IVTS classification system,MHI,THI have the best correlation with postoperative BCVA and can be considered as key indicators for predicting postoperative BCVA.MHI,HFF,THI have the best correlation with anatomical outcomes and can be considered as key indicators for predicting anatomical outcomes of IMH.