Objective To evaluate the incidence of four aberrant behaviors in patients with pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs).Methods The abnormal behaviors during the last month in 138 PDDs patients were assessed with Aberrant Behavior Checklist and Conners Index of Hyperactivity.Results The incidence of aberrant behaviors was 61.6％ for hyperactivity,81.9％ for stereotyped behaviors,13.77％ for self-injury,and 58.70％ for irritability in PDDs patients.The occurance of irritability in autism patients was higher than that of asperger syndrome (AS) patients (x2 =5.623,P=0.018).Conclusion Stereotyped behaviors,hyperactivity and irritability are common in children with PDDs.Autism patients are more likely to exhibit irritability behaviors than AS patients.

Objective To investigate the influence of hyperactivity, Stereotyped behaviors , self-injury and irritabili?ty on parenting stress and emotions of the caregivers for patients with pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs). Methods Abnormal behaviors during last month were assessed in 138 PDDs patients by using Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) and Conners Index of Hyperactivity (CIH). The parenting stress and the emotional state of the patients’parents were evalu?ated by the Caregiver Strain Questionnaire (CGSQ) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD), respectively. Re?sults Anxiety, depression and combination of anxiety and depression were present in 6.2%, 17.8%and 29.5%of PDDs caregivers, respectively. The partial correlation analysis showed that CGSQ score of patients’parents positively correlated with CIH score (r=0.201, P=0.023) and stereotyped act (r=0.189, P=0.033) of the patients, and negatively correlated with stereotyped speech (r=-0.219, P=0.013). The anxious mood of parents positively correlated with stereotyped act (r=0.206, P=0.021). Conclusions Anxiety and depression are common in caregivers of PDDs. Except for stereotyped speech, aber?rant behaviors of the PDDs increase parenting stress and worsen anxious mood of caregivers.

Objective To explore the difference of methylation status of CpG island in promoter re?gion of DAT1 and DRD4 genes between children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD) and normal controls,and further understand the pathogenesis of ADHD from a epigenetics point of view. Methods 111 ADHD patients and 118 normal controls were enrolled in the present study. The demographic data and peripheral venous blood were collected from both groups. Bisulfite genomic sequencing ( BGS) was used to confirm the methylation status of every CpG site in promoter region of DAT1 and DRD4 genes. Results No significant differences were found between ADHD patients and normal controls on percentage of methylated CpG sites in total CpG islands for both DAT1 and DRD4 (P>0.05) . However,the percentage of methylation in No. 17 CpG site for DAT1 and No. 8 CpG site for DRD4 was higher in ADHD patients ( 23. 42% and 64.86% respectively)compared with that in normal controls(11.86% and 47.46% respectively)(P<0.05).In all samples,the percentage of methylated CpG site in total CpG island for DAT1 was higher in males com?pared with that in females(P<0.05),whereas that for DRD4 was higher in females compared with that in males (P<0.05);the same gender difference on methylation level for DAT1 was also found in ADHD patients and for DRD4 in normal controls(P<0.05) . In all samples and in ADHD patients,percentage of methylated CpG site in total CpG island for DAT1 was higher in individuals over 7 years old compared with that in indi?viduals younger than or equal to 7 years old(P<0.05). Conclusions Methylation status of CpG island in DAT1 and DRD4 genes promoter region might correlate with ADHD susceptibility.Methylation status of CpG island in DAT1 and DRD4 genes show differences in different age span and sex.

Objective To investigate the correlation of methylation status in DA T1 and DRD4 genes and severity of clinical manifestations in ADHD patients.Methods One hundrd eleven DSM-Ⅳ defined ADHD patients were enrolled in this study and the demographic data were collected.Clinical symptoms were also assessed by Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-Ⅳ Home Version (ADHD-RS-Ⅳ) and self-developed Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) rating scale.Bisulfite genomic sequencing (BGS) was used to detect the methylation status of every CpG site in DA T1 and DRD4 promoter CpG island in peripheral venous blood.Results The DNA methylation level in total CpG island for DA T1 was higher in individuals without depression,anxiety or ADHD family history compared to individuals with above family histories (P＜0.05).The differences on methylation levels for DA T1 and DRD4 were not significant between high and low ADHD-RS-Ⅳ total score (≤30 vs.＞30),ADHD-RS-Ⅳ inattention score (≤ 17 vs.＞17),and ADHD-RS-Ⅳ hyperactivity/impulsivity score (≤13 vs.＞13) subgroups (all P＜0.05).The methylation levels in total CpG island in DA T1 was higher in individuals whose ODD score were ＜9 compared to those whose ODD score were ≥9 (P＜0.05).Conclusions Methylation status of CpG island in DAT1 may influence the severity of oppositional defiant symptom in ADHD patients,which is correlated with depression,anxiety and ADHD family histories.

Objective To explore the factors affecting methylphenidate (MHP)efficacy in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods One hunadard eleven DSM-Ⅳ defined ADHD patients were enrolled for 6 weeks systemic MHP titration treatmnet. ADHD Rating Scale-Ⅳ Home Version (ADHD-RS-Ⅳ) were applied as index of clinical efficacy, and Continuous Performance Task (CPT) as index of cognition efficacy. Determining potential influential factors was analyzed on MPH efficacy including demographic,baseline clinical symptoms and cognitive factors. Results Sixty-five (59.1%) were defined as responders and 45 (40.9%) as non-reponders to MHP, respectively. CPT which were conducted in 87 patient showed that 35 (40.2%) were defined as responders on commission errors, 31 (35.6%) on omission errors and 10 (11.5%) on reaction time. Logistic analysis revealed two potential influential factors that predicted better clinical efficacy (P<0.05): better parental relationship (OR=3.516, 95% CI: 1.087~11.375) and baseline ADHD-RS-Ⅳ score above 35 points (OR=3.075, 95%CI: 1.131~8.359). Higher IQ score was the potential influential factor that predicted better commission errors efficacy (OR=1.085, 95%CI: 1.013~1.162) and omission errors efficacy (OR=1.078, 95%CI: 1.008~1.153). Conclusion MHP efficacy may result in better outcomes in children with ADHD who have higher baseline ADHD-RS-Ⅳ score, poorer baseline CPT result, younger onset age, higher IQ and better parental relationship.

Objective To undertake a systematic review to evaluate the efficacy and safety of olanzapine combined with fluoxetine in the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Methods Articles published before May 31, 2017 were identified by searching the PubMed, Medline,Web of science excerpta medica database (EMBASE), Cochrane Library,China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI), WanFang data, using the key words fluoxetine, olanzapine, schizophren* and schizophrenia. Statistical analysis were conducted by Review Manager 5.3 software according to Cochrane Handbook for meta analysis. Result A total of 5 randomized,controlled studies were included(3 Chinese and 2 English). Meta analysis showed that the efficacy of olanzapine combined with fluoxetine (combination group) in the treatment of the negative symptoms in schizophrenia was not significant difference from olanzapine alone (standradization of mean difference(SMD)=-0.61,95% CI:-1.30~0.08,P=0.08).Due to the high heterogeneity of the five studies (I2=83%>75%), Subgroup analysis which was conducted in three domestic research revealed that combination group exhibited a better efficacy in the treatment of negative symptoms in negative symptoms predominant schizophrenia (defined as score of PANSS negative subscale >30)(SMD=-1.19, 95% CI:-1.52~-0.86, P<0.01) and a lower risk to develop weight gain (SMD=0.28, 95% CI:0.13~0.57, P<0.01). Conclusion Domestic studies have provided the initial evidence that olanzapine in combination with fluoxetine is more effective and has a lower risk of weight gain than olanzapine alone in the treatment of negative symptoms for schizophrenics..

Objective:To describe and analyze suicide risk of patients with schizophrenia,major depressive disorder,and bipolar disorder.Methods:A total of 2 016 patients with schizophrenia,903 patients with major de-pressive disorder,and 381 patients with bipolar disorder from inpatients,clinics,or communities who met the diag-nostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition were recruited.All patients were interviewed by psychiatrists using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview to diagnose mental disor-ders and assess suicide risk,as well as Clinical-Rated Dimensions of Psychosis Symptom Severity(CRDPSS)to as-sess symptoms.Differences and risk factors of suicide risk among three types of mental disorders were explored u-sing multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results:In the past one month,37 patients with schizophrenia(1.8％),516 patients with major depressive disorder(57.1％),and 102 patients with bipolar disorder(26.8％)had suicide risk.Compared with patients with schizophrenia,suicide risk in patients with major depressive disorder(OR=36.50)and bipolar disorder(OR=20.10)increased.Female(OR=1.87),smoking(OR=1.76),family history of suicide(OR=5.09),higher score of CRDPSS hallucination(OR=1.80),and higher score of CRDPSS depression(OR=1.54)were risk factors of suicide risk of patients.Conclusions:Suicide risk of patients with ma-jor depressive disorder and bipolar disorder is higher than that of patients with schizophrenia.In clinical practice,it is important to regularly assess suicide risk of patients.Patients who experience symptoms of hallucination and de-pression should be paid more attention to.