Objective To compare the efficacy of patient-controlled epidural analgesia(PCEA) and routine analgesia on treatment of bleeding in patients prostate pit after prostatectomy.Methods 82 patients underwent prostatectomy were randomly divided into two groups:patient-controlled epidual analgesia(n=40) and routine postoperative analgesia (n=42).Results As compared with control group,the rate and duration of bladder spasm were reduced significantly in PCEA group(P

Objective:To analysis the difficulties and complications emerged during transurethral ureteroscopy and offer their management strategies. Methods: A total of 900 patients accepting rigid transurethral ureteroscopy from May 1998 to October 2008, were evaluated retropspeetively. Results: Among 900 cases, 83 cases were found difficulties during transurethral ureteroscopy, of which 45 cases were early cases. 2.6% cases (24 cases) were converted to open surgery, of which 14 cases were early cases. The causes of conversion to open include: ureteral orifice of 3 patients could not be found (12.5%), ureteroscopy failed to enter ureteral orific in 5 patients (20.9%), ureteroscopy failed to get to the ill place in 5 patients (20.9%), ureter perforation occurred in 7 pa-tients (29.1%) , ureter avulsion occurred in 2 patients (8.3%), stones shifted to renal pelvis in 2 patients (8.3%). Conclusions: There are more difficulties and complications during ureteroscopy at early stage. Strictly mastering surgical indications, strengthening preoperative training, mastering the surgical technique is the key to reduce the failure rate and complications of ureteroscopy.