As a rapid prototyping technology,three-dimensional (3D) printing is widely used in diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.There are variable methods of 3D printing,and different forming methods have their respective advantages and disadvantages.3D printing plays an important role in congenital heart disease,valvular heart disease,aorta disease and arrhythmia.The application and the research progresses of 3D printing based on medical imaging in diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases were reviewed in this article.

Objective To analyze cardiac function of patients with first onset acute myocardial infarction (AMI)by speckle tracking imaging (STI).With clinical data of long-term follow-up,to explored the prognostic value of left ventricular functional reservation and damage after AMI.Methods Seventy-eight patients with first onset AMI were enrolled in the study.Dynamic images were acquired before primary percutaneous coronary intervention for the analyses of longitudinal peak systolic strain (LPSS), radial peak systolic strain (RPSS)and circumferential peak systolic strain (CPSS).Clinical data of long-term follow-up,results of electrocardiogram and coronary angiography were used for the evaluation of the recurrence risk of cardiac events and cardiac death after AMI.All the baseline clinical data and parameters of echocardiography were compared between patients with and without cardiac events and cardiac death during follow-up.Results Baseline clinical data of electrocardiogram and coronary angiography didn't show significant differences for the comparison of AMI patients with and without cardiac events and cardiac death during long-term follow-up.Compared to patients without cardiac events during follow-up,LPSS and CPSS (P <0.001)of patients with cardiac events were relatively lower and the prognostic value of CPSS (HR=1 .4096)for the recurrence risk of cardiac events was better.For the risk prediction of cardiac death,LPSS ( P <0.001,HR=1.5735)was relatively better.Conclusions Left ventricular functional reservation and damage after AMI were accurately assessed by STI,which helped predicted the recurrence risk of cardiac events and cardiac death of AMI patients.CPSS and LPSS were optimal indicators for the prediction of cardiac events and cardiac death,respectively.

Objective To evaluate the right ventricular function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by strain rate imaging. Methods Echocardiography were performed in 41 patients with COPD and 20 controls. Right ventricular frontal thickness (RVFT), right atrial end diastolic diameter(RAEDd) , right ventricular end diastolic diameter (RVEDd), right ventricular end diastolic area (RVEDa) ,right ventricular end systolic area (RVESa) (fraction of right ventricular area change (RVFA) and E/A of tricuspid valve flow were measured in 4-chamber apical view. Tissue velocity imaging (TVI) were accepted in apical four chamber apical views. The indies included peak systolic strain rate (SRs) ,peak early diastolic strain rate (SRe) ,peak late diastolic strain rate (SRa) and SRe/SRa. Results According the pulmonary pressure, the patients with COPD were divided into 2 groups: group PAH (pulmonary artery hypertension) and group NPAH (non-pulmonary artery hypertension). Compared with controls, RVFT, RAEDd and RVEDd of group PAH increased significantly, RVFA and E/A decreased significantly, the upper indices of group NPAH had no significant difference, SRs, SRe and SRe/ SRa of right ventricular free wall and interventricular septal in group PAH and group NPAH decreased significantly, but there was no significant difference of SRa. Compared with group NPAH,SRs,SRe and SRe/SRa of right ventricular free wall and interventricular septal in group PAH decreased significantly,but there was no significant difference of SRa; there was significant positive correlation between SRs of right ventricular free wall and FEV1 /FVC, DLco/VA in patients with COPD,but there was no significant correlation between SRe of right ventricular free wall and RVFA, E/A,FEV1 /FVC and DLco/VA. Conclusions Function of right ventricle in patients with COPD can be damaged with or without pulmonary hypertention; SRI can detect right ventricular function in these patients easily and noninvasive.

Objective To study the diagnostic value of transperineum color Doppler ultrasonography (TPCDU) and transabdominal color Doppler ultrasonography (TACDU) in pelvic varicosis (PV). Methods Thirty-eight patients with PV were detected by using TACDU and TPCDU separately, and the diagnostic value between the two ways was compared. Operational results was used as standard, and the degree of lesion in patients with PV was evaluated based on the results of surgery. Results The rate of diagnostic accuracy was high in both methods (TACDU 92% and TACDU 79%, separately). However, the rate of diagnostic accuracy and the site detectable were significantly higher by TPCDU than by TACDU (P

ObjectiveTo observe the rabbit cardiac siz e and cardiac function change before and after bone-marrow stem transplanting(BMST) by echocardiography.MethodsThirty-four rabbits were divided into 3 groups randomly: group control, group myocardial infarction(MI) and group BMST. The left anterior coronary artery in group MI and group BMST were ligated to produce the myocardial infarction model and injected bone-marrow stem cell to the infracted area in the later group. The size and the systolic function of the heart were measured before and after infarction and transplantation. The left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) and the end-diastolic pressure(LVEDP) were also measured in the 3 groups at the end of experiment. ResultsThe left ventricle diameter of group BMST was smaller than that of the group MI, and the ventricular function increased, and almost reached the normal level. And more, LVSP increased and LVEDP decreased statistically in the group BMST. ConclusionsBone-marrow stem transplantation can release the enlargement of left ventricle and improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction.

Objective To evaluate the left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony in patients with chronic heart failure(CHF)by two dimensional speckle tracking imaging(2D-STI).Methods 37 CHF patients were enrolled in this study.According to left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF),the patienst were classified into two subgroups:group A,LVEF≤ 35 ％;group B,35 ％＜LVEF＜50 ％.35 healthy volunteers constituted the control group(group C).Standard 2D images were acquired in the 2-,3-and 4-apical views as well as the parasternal short-axis views at the level of the mitral valve and papillary muscles.The time to peak-systolic strain and strain rate were measured for each segment in the level of the mitral valve and papillary muscles in Qlab software.Dyssychrony parameters were defined as the standard deviation and the maximal time delay of the time to peak-systolic strain and strain rate for 12 segments.Parameters were compared among the three groups respectively.The correlation between dyssynchrony parameters and LVEF were analysed in CHF patients.The cut-off value of each parameter were derived from group C based on statistical principles.Dyssychrony rate of each parameter were calculated in group A and B,and compared within each group respectively.Results Compared with group C,all the dyssychrony parameters in group A were significant higher(P＜0.05),and part of the parameters(Tsl-12SD,Tsl-12Dif,Tslr-12SD,Tslr-12Dif and Tsr-12SD)in group B were remarkable higher(P＜0.05).Dyssychrony parameters in CHF patients correlated closely with LVEF(P＜0.05).Significant differences among dyssychrony rates were noted in both group A and B(P＜0.05),and Ts1-12SD showed the highest value in both subgroups.Conclusions 2D-STI is useful in quantifying left ventricular systolic dyssychrony in CHF patients,and the longitudinal parameters are more efficient to detect mechanical dyssychrony than the radial parameters and circumferential parameters.

Objective To evaluate the effect of torsion on remodeling and function of left ventricle by two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging(2D-STI) in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM).MethodsThirty-nine patients with DCM and thirty-five controls accepted conventional echocardiography,pulsed-wave Doppler tissue imaging examination.Basal and apical short-axis view of left ventricle were accorded for Q-lab analysis.Indices included:left ventricular diameter in end diastole (LVEDd),left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF),left ventricular sphericity index (LVSI),left ventricular mass index (LVMI),e-wave of mitral valvular flow (E),velocity of mitral annulus in systole (S),velocity of mitral annulus in early distole ( E'), E/ E',rotation of left ventricle at basal and apical level(Rbasal,Rapical),twist (T),torsion (T').Results Compared with controls,LVEDd,LVMI of patients with DCM increased significantly,LVEF and LVSI decreased significantly,S and E' decreased significantly,E/ E' increased significantly.Patients with DCM were divided into two groups:group DCM-1 (clockwise rotation at apical level) and group DCM-2 (countclockwise rotation at apical level).Compared with controls,Rasal,Rapical,T,T' of two DCM groups decreased significantly.Compared with group DCM-1,Rbasal,Rapical,T,T' of group DCM-2 decreased significantly,LVEDd,LVMI increased significantly,LVEF and LVSI decreased significantly,E' decreased significantly,E/ E' increased significantly.Conclusions The torsion of left ventricle decrease in patients with DCM,DCM patients with decreased or reversed torsion of left ventricular apex have more severe LV remodeling or damage of LV function.

Two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging(2D-STI)can accurately evaluate myocardial strain with non-angle dependent and good reproducibility. In this study, 16 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), 18 athletes and 20 normal subjects underwent 2D-STI examination. The global longitudinal strain (GLS) and regional peak systolic strain (PSS) were assessed by 2D-STI in the apical four-chamber-view. Compared to athletes and normal subjects, GLS in patients with HCM was significantly reduced [GLS: -(8. 0±3.6)% , P ＜ 0. 01]. There was no significant difference in GLS between athletes and the controls, but GLS in basal or middle segments of interventricular septum and middle segments of lateral wall; PSS in basal, middle or apical segments of interventricular septum and basal or middle segments of lateral wall of the normal controls were significantly higher than those of the athletes. A cut-off value of less than -10% in GLS for diagnosis of pathologic hypertrophy resulted in a sensitivity of 84. 0% and a specificity of 94. 0%. The results suggest that 2D-STI can quantify global and regional myocardial function and may be used for the differentiation between physiological and pathologic LVH.

Objective To investigate the value of the lauromacrogol in sclerosis therapy of endometrial cyst models of SD rat.Methods 45 SD rats were randomly divided into lauromacrogol treatment group,dehydrated alcohol treatment group and physiological saline blank group after being built cysts models.Then corresponding medicine was injected into the cysts,and the changes of pathomorphology and VEGF expression of ectopia endomembrane were observed a week later.Results Microscope observation indicated that endometrial cyst glandular epithelium and gland were inactived by both lauromacrogol and dehydrated alcohol.The effective rate of lauromacrogol group was 87.5％,and that of dehydrated alcohol group was 85.0％.There was no significant difference between these two methods (P =1.000).The ectopia endomembrane glandular organs of physiological saline group were not destructed obviously.Besides,VEGF expression of lauromacrogol and dehydrated alcohol group were lower than physiological saline group (P =0.003 and 0.006).There was no significant difference between VEGF expression of lauromacrogol and dehydrated alcohol group (P =0.926).Conclusions Compared with dehydrated alcohol,lauromacrogol had the same therapeutic effect on sclerosis therapy of endometrial cyst models.

Objective To evaluate the value of strain rate imaging(SRl) in quantitatively detecting regional right ventricular function in hypertension(HBP) patients with different mode of left ventricle.Methods Thirty-eight patients with HBP were divided into left ventricular nermal (LVN) and left ventricular remodeling(LVR) groups according to left ventricular mass index(LVMI) and relative wall thickness(RWT).Twenty-three controls were performed echocradiography examination.Tissue velocity imagings of all the patients and controls were accepted in apical four chamber views.The indies included:peak systolic velocity(Vs),peak early diastolic velocity(Ve),peak late diastolic velocity(Va) and Ve/Va of triscular annulus,peak systolic strain rate(SRs),peak early diastolic strain rate (SRe),peak late diastolic strain rate(SRa) and SRe/SRa of right ventricular free wall.Results Compared with controls,Ve/Va of LVN group decreased significantly,but there were no difference in Vs and Ve.Compared with LVN group and controls,Ve and Ve/Va of LVR group decreased significantly,but there were no significantly difference in Vs.Compared with controls,Ss,SRe and SRe/SRa of LVN and LVR group decreased significantly,but there was no significantly difference in SRs;compared with LVN group,Ss,SRe and SRe/SRa of LVR group decreased significantly,but there was no significantly difference in SRs.Conclusions The systolic and diastolic function of RV in patients with HBP damaged with or without left ventricular remodeling.SRI can evaluated regional right ventricular funciton in these patients accurately.