In 2025, the American Cancer Society published "Cancer statistics, 2025", which projected cancer data for the upcoming year based on incidence data collected by central cancer registries (through 2021) and mortality data obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics (through 2022). Similarly, the National Cancer Center of China released "Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2022" in December 2024, analyzing data from 22 cancer registries across the country. This study provides a comparative analysis of cancer incidence and mortality trends in China and the United States during the same period, with a focus on sex- and age-specific distributions and long-term changes in cancer patterns. Long-term trends indicate that lung and liver cancer mortality rates in China have declined, primarily due to tobacco control measures and hepatitis B vaccination programs. However, the burden of gastric and esophageal cancers remains substantial. In the United States, mortality rates for colorectal and lung cancers have continued to decline, largely attributed to widespread screening programs and advances in immunotherapy. As economic growth and social development, China’s cancer profile is gradually shifting towards patterns observed in countries with high human development index. However, the prevention and control of upper gastrointestinal cancers remains a critical public health challenge that requires further attention.

Megakaryocytes and hepatocytes are unique cells in mammals that undergo polyploidization through endomitosis in terminal differentiation. Many polyploidization regulators and underlying mechanisms have been reported, most of which are tightly coupled with development, organogenesis, and cell differentiation. However, the nature of endomitosis, which involves successful entry into and exit from mitosis without complete cytokinesis, has not yet been fully elucidated. We highlight that endomitosis is a new cell fate in the cell cycle, and tetraploidy is a critical stage at the bifurcation of cell fate decision. This review summarizes the recent research progress in this area and provides novel insights into how cells manipulate mitosis toward endomitosis. Endomitotic cells can evade the tetraploidy restrictions and proceed to multiple rounds of the cell cycle. This knowledge not only deepens our understanding of endomitosis as a fundamental biological process but also offers new perspectives on the physiological and pathophysiological implications of polyploidization.
Hepatocytes/physiology* ; Megakaryocytes/physiology* ; Humans ; Polyploidy ; Animals ; Cell Cycle/physiology* ; Cell Differentiation ; Mitosis/physiology*

Approximately 30%-40% of epilepsy patients do not respond well to adequate anti-seizure medications (ASMs), a condition known as pharmacoresistant epilepsy. The management of pharmacoresistant epilepsy remains an intractable issue in the clinic. Its early prediction is important for prevention and diagnosis. However, it still lacks effective predictors and approaches. Here, a classical model of pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) was established to screen pharmacoresistant and pharmaco-responsive individuals by applying phenytoin to amygdaloid-kindled rats. Ictal electroencephalograms (EEGs) recorded before phenytoin treatment were analyzed. Based on ictal EEGs from pharmacoresistant and pharmaco-responsive rats, a convolutional neural network predictive model was constructed to predict pharmacoresistance, and achieved 78% prediction accuracy. We further found the ictal EEGs from pharmacoresistant rats have a lower gamma-band power, which was verified in seizure EEGs from pharmacoresistant TLE patients. Prospectively, therapies targeting the subiculum in those predicted as "pharmacoresistant" individual rats significantly reduced the subsequent occurrence of pharmacoresistance. These results demonstrate a new methodology to predict whether TLE individuals become resistant to ASMs in a classic pharmacoresistant TLE model. This may be of translational importance for the precise management of pharmacoresistant TLE.
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/diagnosis* ; Animals ; Drug Resistant Epilepsy/drug therapy* ; Electroencephalography/methods* ; Rats ; Anticonvulsants/pharmacology* ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Male ; Humans ; Phenytoin/pharmacology* ; Adult ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Young Adult ; Convolutional Neural Networks

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence of sepsis in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and the compliance with sepsis diagnosis and treatment guidelines in intensive care unit (ICU) at different levels of hospitals, and to identify the risk factors associated with poor prognosis in patients with sepsis in this region. METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional survey was conducted in ICU of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Critical Care Medicine Alliance. The survey period was from 10:00 on January 31, 2024, to 09:59 on February 1, 2024. The patients diagnosed with sepsis admitted to the ICU during the study period were included in the analysis. Data on patient demographics, physiology, microbiology, and treatment protocols were collected, with follow-up until the 28th day after ICU admission or death. Baseline characteristics and treatment information of septic patients across different hospital levels were compared, as well as clinical data of septic patients with different 28-day outcomes. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify risk factors for 28-day death in septic patients. RESULTS: A total of 77 units of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Critical Care Medicine Alliance from 14 prefectures/cities in Xinjiang participated in the survey. On the survey day, 727 patients were admitted to ICU, of whom 179 (24.6%) were diagnosed with sepsis, and 64 (35.8%) died within 28 days, 115 (64.2%) survived. Among the participating institutions, 33 were tertiary hospitals (42.9%), managing 97 septic cases (54.2%), and 44 were secondary hospitals (57.1%), managing 82 septic cases (45.8%). The lactic acid monitoring rate and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) rate for septic patients in tertiary hospitals were significantly higher than those in secondary hospitals [lactic acid monitoring rate: 92.8% (90/97) vs. 82.9% (68/82), CRRT rate: 17.5% (17/97) vs. 3.7% (3/82), both P < 0.05]. No statistically significant differences were observed between tertiary and secondary hospitals in length of ICU stay or 28-day mortality [length of ICU stay (days): 11.0 (16.0) vs. 10.0 (22.0), 28-day mortality: 35.1% (34/97) vs. 36.6% (30/82), both P > 0.05]. Compared with survivors, non-survivors had higher acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) score, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score and lower Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score. Significant differences were noted in vital signs [heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, pulse oxygen saturation (SpO₂)], laboratory markers [red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), lymphocyte ratio (LYM%), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), pH value, base excess (BE)], and monitoring, diagnosis and treatment information (invasive blood pressure monitoring, mechanical ventilation, CRRT, usage of norepinephrine). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model indicated that body temperature [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.416, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 1.022-1.961, P = 0.037] and WBC (HR = 1.040, 95%CI was 1.010-1.071, P = 0.009) were independent risk factors for 28-day death in patients with sepsis. CONCLUSIONS Sepsis in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is characterized by a high mortality. In this region, tertiary hospitals demonstrate better compliance with bundled treatment strategies such as lactic acid monitoring and the usage of CRRT compared to secondary hospitals, yet they do not show significant advantages in clinical outcomes. Body temperature and WBC are independent risk factors for 28-day death in patients with sepsis in this region. However, clinicians should still consider the actual situation of patients, along with more optimal early warning indicators and comprehensive system assessments, to identify and prevent risk factors for adverse outcomes in patients.
Humans ; Sepsis/diagnosis* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Intensive Care Units ; Prognosis ; China/epidemiology* ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Incidence

Coronavirus infection can cause serious respiratory and digestive system diseases in hu-mans and animals.In recent years,the frequent outbreaks and newly outbreaks of coronavirus in-fection have threatened global public health and the development of livestock and poultry.Howev-er,the development of anti-coronavirus drugs and vaccines was restricted due to the insufficient understanding of the mechanisms of coronavirus pathogenesis and cross species transmission.Re-verse genetic manipulation technology is a powerful tool in virological research,which can be used for the study of pathogenesis mechanisms,replication mechanisms and function analysis of protein.It is also be used in the development of attenuated or gene labeled vaccines,and antiviral drugs.Due to the large genome and complex structure of the coronavirus,the reverse genetic manipulation technology of coronavirus has been lagging for a long time.With the continuous updating of molec-ular biology methods,various new construction strategies have emerged.This article focuses on the construction strategy of the reverse genetic operating system for coronavirus,as well as its applica-tion in virus transmission and pathogenic mechanisms,and development of vaccines,which will provide favorable tools for the prevention and control of the coronavirus infection.

Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy and practicality of the Jaundice color card (JCard) as a screening tool for neonatal jaundice.Methods:Following the standards for reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies (STARD) statement, a multicenter prospective study was conducted in 9 hospitals in China from October 2019 to September 2021. A total of 845 newborns who were admitted to the hospital or outpatient department for liver function testing due to their own diseases. The inclusion criteria were a gestational age of ≥35 weeks, a birth weight of ≥2 000 g, and an age of ≤28 days. The neonate′s parents used the JCard to measure jaundice at the neonate′s cheek. Within 2 hours of the JCard measurement, transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) was measured with a JH20-1B device and total serum bilirubin (TSB) was detected. The Pearson′s correlation analysis, Bland-Altman plots and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used for statistic analysis.Results:Out of the 854 newborns, 445 were male and 409 were female; 46 were born at 35-36 weeks of gestational age and 808 were born at ≥37 weeks of gestational age. Additionally, 432 cases were aged 0-3 days, 236 cases were aged 4-7 days, and 186 cases were aged 8-28 days. The TSB level was (227.4±89.6) μmol/L, with a range of 23.7-717.0 μmol/L. The JCard level was (221.4±77.0) μmol/L and the TcB level was (252.5±76.0) μmol/L. Both the JCard and TcB values showed good correlation ( r=0.77 and 0.80, respectively) and agreements (96.0% (820/854) and 95.2% (813/854) of samples fell within the 95% limits of agreement, respectively) with TSB. The JCard value of 12 had a sensitivity of 0.93 and specificity of 0.75 for identifying a TSB ≥205.2?μmol/L, and a sensitivity of 1.00 and specificity of 0.35 for identifying a TSB ≥342.0?μmol/L. The TcB value of 205.2?μmol/L had a sensitivity of 0.97 and specificity of 0.60 for identifying TSB levels of 205.2 μmol/L, and a sensitivity of 1.00 and specificity of 0.26 for identifying TSB levels of 342.0 μmol/L. The areas under the ROC curve (AUC) of JCard for identifying TSB levels of 153.9, 205.2, 256.5, and 342.0 μmol/L were 0.96, 0.92, 0.83, and 0.83, respectively. The AUC of TcB were 0.94, 0.91, 0.86, and 0.87, respectively. There were both no significant differences between the AUC of JCard and TcB in identifying TSB levels of 153.9 and 205.2 μmol/L (both P>0.05). However, the AUC of JCard were both lower than those of TcB in identifying TSB levels of 256.5 and 342.0 μmol/L (both P<0.05). Conclusions:JCard can be used to classify different levels of bilirubin, but its diagnostic efficacy decreases with increasing bilirubin levels. When TSB level are ≤205.2 μmol/L, its diagnostic efficacy is equivalent to that of the JH20-1B. To prevent the misdiagnosis of severe jaundice, it is recommended that parents use a low JCard score, such as 12, to identify severe hyperbilirubinemia (TSB ≥342.0 μmol/L).

Objective To explore the therapeutic effect and mechanism of pachymic acid(PA)on Helicobacter py-lori(Hp)-associated gastritis in rats.Methods A rat model of Hp-associated gastritis was established;all rats were separated into control group(CT group),model group(group M),PA low-dose group(PA L group),PA high-dose group(PA H group),and PA H+phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)activator(740 Y-P)group;the gastric mucosal injury index(UI)of rats in each group was evaluated,transmission electron microscopy was applied to observe the morphology of gastric mucosal cells.HE staining was applied to evaluate the pathological characteristics of gastric mucosa.ELISA was applied to detect the levels of interleukin-6(IL-6),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),IL-10,induc-ible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)in gastric tissue.Western blot method was applied to detect the expression of PI3K,phosphorylated PI3K(p-PI3K),protein kinase B(AKT),p-AKT,nuclear factor(NF)-κB p65,and p-NF-κB p65 proteins.Results Compared with the CT group,the gastric mucosa erosion,epithelial ede-ma,congestion,and severe ulcers were observed in the group M,with epithelial cell pyknosis and inflammatory cell in-filtration,the UI,IL-6,TNF-α,iNOS,and the expression levels of p-PI3K/PI3K,p-AKT/AKT,p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 proteins increased,the levels of IL-10 and SOD decreased(P<0.05);compared with group M,the gastric mucosal damage and inflammatory cell infiltration in the PA L and PA H groups were improved,the UI,IL-6,TNF-α,iNOS by the host animal and the expression of p-PI3K/PI3K,p-AKT/AKT,p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 proteins all decreased,the level of IL-10 and SOD was increased(P<0.05);compared with the PA H group,the pathological damage of the gastric mucosa in the PA H+740 Y-P group was aggravated,with epithelial cell pyknosis.The UI,IL-6,TNF-α,iNOS,and the expression of p-PI3K/PI3K,p-AKT/AKT,p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 proteins increased,the levels of IL-10 and SOD decreased(P<0.05).Conclusions PA might facilitate the treatment of Hp-associated gastritis in rats by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND:As a common complication of diabetes mellitus,male reproductive disorders have received increasing attention in recent years.Ganoderma spore have hypoglycemic,antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects,but the regulatory mechanism for diabetic testicular tissue has not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of ganoderma spore on the PTEN-induced kinase 1/E3 ubiquitin ligase pathway and cell apoptosis in testicular tissue of diabetic rats. METHODS:Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal group,high fat and high sugar group,diabetic group and ganoderma spore group,with 10 rats in each group.The latter three groups were given high fat/high sugar diet until the end of the experiment.After 1 month of high fat/high sugar diet,the diabetic and ganoderma spore groups were given intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(30 mg/kg per day)to establish type 2 diabetic rat models.After successful modeling,the ganoderma spore group was intragastrically given ganoderma spore(300 mg/kg per day),and the other groups were given the same amount of normal saline for continuous 12 weeks.The sperm number and morphology were detected.The histopathological changes of the testicle were observed.Serum testosterone and oxidative stress levels in testicular tissue were measured.The levels of PTEN-induced kinase 1,E3 ubiquitin ligase,and anti-nucleoporin p62 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and the expression of PTEN-induced kinase 1,E3 ubiquitin ligase,anti-nucleoporin p62,programmed cell death-1,microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ,caspase 3,cleaved-caspase 3 were detected by western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the normal group and the high fat and high sugar group,the diabetic group had decreased sperm number(P＜0.01),increased sperm malformation rate(P＜0.01),and decreased serum testosterone level(P＜0.01).Compared with the diabetic group,ganoderma spore intervention could increase the sperm number(P＜0.05),decrease the malformation rate(P＜0.01),and increase the serum testosterone level(P＜0.01).Compared with the normal group and the high fat and high sugar group,the malondialdehyde level in testis tissue was increased in the diabetic group(P＜0.01),while the levels of glutathione deoxidase and superoxide dismutase decreased(P＜0.01).Compared with the diabetic group,the malondialdehyde level in testis tissue was decreased in the ganoderma spore group(P＜0.01),and the levels of glutathione deoxidase and superoxide dismutase increased(P＜0.01).Immunohistochemical staining showed that compared with the normal group and the high fat and high sugar group,the positive expressions of PTEN-induced kinase 1 and E3 ubiquitin ligase in testicular tissue were decreased in the diabetic group,while the positive expressions of anti-nucleoporin p62 were increased.Compared with the diabetic group,the positive expressions of PTEN-induced kinase 1 and E3 ubiquitin ligase in testicular tissue e were increased in the ganoderma spore group,while the positive expression of anti-nucleoporin p62 was decreased.Western blot assay results indicated that compared to the normal group and the high fat and high sugar group,the expression of PTEN-induced kinase 1 and E3 ubiquitin ligase,programmed cell death-1 and the ratio of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ protein were decreased in the diabetic group(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01),while the expressions of anti-nucleoporin p62,caspase3 and cleaved-caspase3 were increased(P＜0.01).Compared with the diabetic group,ganoderma spore intervention could elevate the expression of PTEN-induced kinase 1 and E3 ubiquitin ligase,programmed cell death-1 and the ratio of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ protein(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01)as well as reduce the expressions of anti-nucleoporin p62,caspase3 and cleaved-caspase3(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Overall,ganoderma spores may activate the PTEN-induced kinase 1/E3 ubiquitin ligase pathway to enhance autophagy in testicular tissue and reduce apoptosis in tissue cells,so as to protect testicular tissue.

ObjectiveTo establish a dose-effect curve for semi-automatic analysis of dicentric chromosomes(DC) based on an automatic chromosome analysis system. Methods A total of three healthy volunteers were recruited as the study subjects, and their peripheral blood was collected and stimulated by X-ray at doses of 0.00, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 2.00, 3.00, 4.00, and 5.00 Gy, with the absorbed dose rate of 1.0 Gy/min. Images of DC in the mid-stage of cell division were collected using a high-throughput automatic chromosome analysis system. The DCScore software was used to automatically analyze DC aberrations, and a dose-effect curve for semi-automatic analysis of DC was fitted after manual confirmation. The fitted dose-effect curve for semi-automatic analysis of DC was validated for accuracy using three proficiency test samples from the national quality assessment of biological dose. Results The incidence of DC increased with increasing irradiation doses in the range of 0.00-5.00 Gy (P<0.01). The dose-effect curve for the fitted semi-automatic analysis of DC was ŷ =0.000 8 (±0.000 2) +0.009 2(±0.000 9) D+0.014 2(±0.000 4) D² (R²= 0.999 8). The relative deviation between the estimated dose and the actual dose of the three test samples was about 20.00%, indicating curve applicability for biological dose estimation. Moreover, excluding the time spent on manual analysis, the semi-automatic analysis method increased the analysis efficiency by 26.0 times. Conclusion The semi-automatic analysis dose-effect curve for DC stimulated by X-ray is constructed for biological dose estimation, which can reduce the manual analysis time, and holds great potential for application in nuclear emergency response to large-scale radiation accidents.