The transient surge in the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator-pituitary gonadotropin-gonadal apparatus,sometimes called the minipuberty of early infancy, is associated with special secretion pattern of many sex hormones. This period is thought to be an important stage for sex development, and provides clinicians early evidences to diagnose sexual abnormality diseases. This review summarizes the formation and characteristic of minipuberty,and the mechanism of its abnormal hormone secretion leading to sexual abnormality, and thus focus on the value of minipuberty for early diagnosis of sexual abnormality diseases.

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a leading cause of blindness and caused by abnormal repairs for the damaged vitreous and retina.The formation of PVR involves many cytokines,including platelet derived growth factor (PDGF),vascular endothelial growth factor,hepatocyte growth factor,transforming growth factor-β,epidermal growth factor,tumor necrosis factor-α,connective tissue growth factor,etc.The Jagged-1/Notch signaling pathway and RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway are involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells.The migration and proliferation of RPE cells are associated with the PKC/ERK and Akt/mTORCl signaling pathway.Non-PDGF cytokines indirectly active PDGF receptor α,which seems to be the key pathway in the development of PVR.The methods of cocktail neutralizing reagents targeted to multiple cytokines and the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine are effective in preventing PVR.Here,we reviewed the mechanisms and signaling pathways of multiple relevant cytokines involved in development and treatment of PVR.

Objective To compare the curative effect of tiotropium bromide combined with salmeterol flutica-sone of different specifications in treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)at stable stage in senile patients.Methods 84 senile patients of COPD were selected.All the patients were divided into observation group (42 cases)and control group(42 cases).And both groups were provided with basic treatment of tiotropium bromide, on the basic treatment,the patients in the observation group were provided with 50μg/250μg salmeterol fluticasone, and the control group with 50μg/500μg salmeterol fluticasone.The course of treatment in the two groups was 12 months.The arterial blood gas,lung function,motor function and clinical efficacy were compared between the two groups after treatment.Results 12 months after treatment,the arterial oxygen partial pressure(PaO2 ),arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure(PaCO2 ),forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV1 ),forced vital capacity(FVC),1 second forced expiratory volume accounted for the percentage of forced vital capacity(FEV1 /FVC)of the control group were (51.66 ±3.96)mmHg,(66.58 ±4.90)mmHg,(1.39 ±0.09)L,(2.41 ±0.09)L,(60.40 ±4.25)%,(366.01 ± 17.21)m respectively,which of the observation group were (46.29 ±3.38)mmHg,(75.83 ±5.09)mmHg,(1.59 ± 0.12)L,(2.65 ±0.10)L,(67.33 ±485)%,(325.69 ±15.62)m respectively.The arterial blood gas,lung function and exercise capacity of the two groups were significantly improved,among them,PaO2 of the control group was significantly better than that of the observation group,the difference was statistically significant (t =6.684,P <0.001).PaCO2 of the control group was significantly better than that of the observation group,the difference was statistically significant(t =-8.485,P <0.001).FEV1 of the control group was significantly better than that of the observation group,the difference was statistically significant(t =-8.641,P <0.001).FVC of the control group was significantly better than that of the observation group,the difference was statistically significant(t =-11.561,P <0.001).FEV1 /FVC of the control group was significantly better than that of the observation group,the difference was statistically significant(t =-6.964,P <0.001).6MWD of the control group was significantly better than that of the observation group,the difference was statistically significant(t =-11.243,P <0.001).After 12 months of treatment, the total effective rate of the observation group was 97.62%,which was significantly higher than that of the control group 85.71%(χ2 =3.896,P =0.048).Conclusion The comprehensive effect of tiotropium bromide combined with 50μg/500μg salmeterol fluticasone is better than that of tiotropium bromide combined with 50μg/250μg salmeterol fluticasone.

In China,professional ethics education in universities suffers a late start and requests an improvement.The same problem also consists in medical universities.They are faced with how to enhance the medical ethics education of future physicians and match it with the training of clinical techniques and skills so as to cultivate qualified medical professionals.The article established guidelines of professional ethics education and suggested that the issue could be tackled by substantiating the content of education,broadening effective means,and forming joint efforts.

It is clear that genetic background contributes to the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR).However,the identification of susceptibility loci through candidate gene approaches,linkage disequilibrium analysis of case-control data and genome wide association study is still in its infancy and faces many challenges due to the complexity of the disease itself.China has rich resources of clinical samples.In order to facilitate elucidating the susceptibility genes of DR in China,we look forward multi-disciplinary,multi-regional collaboration studies integrating novel technologies,such as proteomics,metabolomics and next-generation sequencing to analyze gene-gene and gene-environment interaction factors comprehensively.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the imaging features and diagnostic value of MRI and CT in diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis by comparing study.

METHODSFrom May 2014 to December 2014, 32 patients with spinal tuberculosis were diagnosed as patients with spinal tuberculosis, and the data of MRI and CT were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTSPatients with lesions appeared respectively in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine; CT diagnosis of bone destruction and vertebral disc soft tissue injury rate is lower than that of MRI, the intervertebral disc injury diagnosed rate higher than that of MRI, P < 0.05, the difference is statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONCT and MRI in the diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis imaging studies are different, and combination of both can improve the diagnosis rate, can prevent and treat in a timely manner, so as to improve the treatment effect.

Objective To evaluate the asynchrony of the different segments of left ventricle(LV) and its relation with LV function, QRS duration in the patients with congestive heart failure(CHF) by quantitative tissue velocity imaging(QTVI). Methods Forty normal controls and 40 patients with CHF were studied by QTVI. The regional velocity profiles of 18 segments of LV along LV apical long axis view, apical two chamber view and four chamber view were obtained. The time from onset of QRS complexes to peak velocity during systole and early diastole (T S and T E) were measured. The maximal difference in T S and T E within the same wall (Intra ?T S and Intra ?T E), the same segment (Inter ?T S and Inter ?T E ) and all 18 segments(Max ?T S and Max ?T E ) of LV were calculated. The parameters of LV function calculated included the mean of mitral annulus systolic peak velocities and early diastolic peak velocities of six wall(Mean Vs and Mean Ve), and ejection fraction of LV(LVEF). Results Inter ?T S,Inter ?T E,Intra ?T S,Intra ?T E,Max ?T S and Max ?T E in CHF group were significantly prolonged, all showing statistic significance when compared with control group(all P

Azacitidine belongs to a novel family of demethylation antitumor drug.Foreign clinical researches have demonstrated that it may be a low toxic and effective choice for elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia,whose physical conditions are too poor to sustain intensive chemotherapy.This review will summarize recent reports on azacitidine in the treatment of elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia.

Rapamycin is frequently used as an immunosuppressive agent and also plays an important role in tumor suppression.It combines to FKBP12 and forms a compound to inhibit the serine/threonine protein kinase mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR),its activation is required for protein synthesis and cell-cycle progression.Rapamycin can block cell cycle at G1 phase and to inhibit cell proliferation.Furthermore rapamycin may inhibit cytokine production and cytokine signaling.Therefore rapamycin is used in the treatment of post-transplantation organ rejection and tumor therapy due to its dual effects of immuno-suppression and tumor inhibition.

OBJECTIVE To discuss the prevention and control of the urinary tract infection related to the catheterization.METHODS According to recent research on the control of the urinary tract infection related to the catheterization in our country,we investigated and assessed the problems existing in urethral catheterization and indwelling urethral catheterization in our hospital via a questionnaire.RESULTS There were lots of pitfalls in catheterization.By organizing training,carefully examining,and adopting the examination of the quality of health care,our staff had significantly improved their levels in the field of necessity of catheterization,choice of catheters,asepsis,maintenance of closing cycle of drainage system and others.CONCLUSIONS Enhancing the prevention and control of the urinary tract infection related to the catheterization is very meaningful to reduc of the rate of hospital infections.