The paper reviews the evolution of the theory related to meridians and zangfu organs during the Warring States, Qin and Han dynasties, so as to reveal the rules and value of its development. By analyzing historical documents, especially Zubi Shiyimai Jiujing (Moxibustion Classics of Eleven Meridians of Legs and Arms), Yinyang Shiyimai Jiujing (Moxibustion Classic on Eleven Yin and Yang Meridians), Laoguanshan bamboo medical slips of Han Dynasty and lacquer figure of meridian points, the evolutionary stages, i.e. the germination, development, and maturity of meridian-zangfu theory, are explored. In the time of the Warring States, Qin and Han dynasties, the meridian-zangfu related theory was developed from the germination to the maturity. In the classics of the early time, Zubi Shiyimai Jiujing and Yinyang Shiyimai Jiujing demonstrated the preliminary relationship between meridians and zangfu organs, focusing on the physiological connection and pathogenesis of three yin meridians of foot and zangfu organs. In the literature of Laoguanshan bamboo medical slips of Han Dynasty and lacquer figure of meridian points, the physiological connection between the yin meridians of hand and foot, and five zang organs, as well as the related diseases were further clarified; additionally, the meridian-zangfu theory had been developed in the field of diagnosis and treatment. In the era of Chapter of Meridians in Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot), there were up to 31 descriptions relevant with the connection of meridian distribution and zangfu physiological functions. It marks the construction of the "circular" flow of meridians and the interior-exterior communication of zang and fu organs; and enriches the knowledge in diseases, diagnosis and treatment with meridians and zangfu organs involved. The review on the evolution of the meridian-zangfu theory is conductive to supplementing and improving the development history of this theory of early time, and further recognizing its development rules and value. The maturity of this theoretical system not only links the meridians with the five zang and six fu organs, but also provides an important theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine.
Meridians ; Humans ; History, Ancient ; China ; History, Medieval ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 16th Century ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history*

Tumors exhibit abnormal glucose metabolism, consuming excessive glucose and excreting lactate, which constructs a tumor microenvironment that facilitates cancer progression and disrupts immunotherapeutic efficacy. Currently, tumor glucose metabolic dysregulation to reshape the immunosuppressive microenvironment and enhance immunotherapy efficacy is emerging as an innovative therapeutic strategy. However, glucose metabolism modulators lack specificity and still face significant challenges in overcoming tumor delivery barriers, microenvironmental complexity, and metabolic heterogeneity, resulting in poor clinical benefit. Nanomedicines, with their ability to selectively target tumors or immune cells, respond to the tumor microenvironment, co-deliver multiple drugs, and facilitate combinatorial therapies, hold significant promise for enhancing immunotherapy through tumor glucose metabolic reprogramming. This review explores the complex interactions between tumor glucose metabolism-specifically metabolite transport, glycolysis processes, and lactate-and the immune microenvironment. We summarize how nanomedicine-mediated reprogramming of tumor glucose metabolism can enhance immunotherapy efficacy and outline the prospects and challenges in this field.

Objective To explore the effects of different acupoints,different target organs,and different interventions on acupoint efficacy based on ACU&MOX-DATA platform;To illustrate and visualize whether the above factors have the characteristics of"specific effect"or"common effect"of acupoint efficacy.Methods The multi-source heterogeneous data were integrated from the original omics data and public omics data.After standardization,differential gene analysis,disease pathology network analysis,and enrichment analysis were performed using Batch Search and Stimulation Mode modules in ACU&MOX-DATA platform under the conditions of different acupoints,different target organs,and different interventions.Results Under the same disease state and the same intervention,there were differences in effects among different acupoints;under the same disease state,the same acupoint and intervention,the responses produced by different target organs were not completely consistent;under the same disease state and acupoint,there were differences in effects among different intervention measures.Conclusion Based on the analysis of ACU&MOX-DATA platform,it is preliminary clear that acupoints,target organs,and interventions are the key factors affecting acupoint efficacy.Meanwhile,the above results have indicated that there are specific or common regulatory characteristics of acupoint efficacy.Applying ACU&MOX-DATA platform to analyze and visualize the critical scientific problems in the field of acupuncture and moxibustion can provide references for deepening acupoint cognition,guiding clinical acupoint selection,and improving clinical efficacy.

Objective To observe the intervention effect of acupuncture at"Zusanli"(ST36)or"Neiguan"(PC6)on the ulcerative colitis(UC)model mice.And to analyze the similarities and differences of gene transcription expression between the diseased colon and the non-diseased heart after acupuncture intervention by using transcriptomics,to explore whether there are efficacy differences between the two acupoints.Methods The UC mouse model was established by inducing dextran sulfate sodium salt(DSS).After successful modeling,the mice were randomly divided into model group,Zusanli group,and Neiguan group,with 9 mice in each group.Zusanli group and Neiguan group intervened with acupuncture at"Zusanli"and"Neiguan",respectively,30 min each time,once a day,for 5 consecutive days.The control and model groups were only bound without acupuncture.Observe the general situation of mice in each group,calculate the disease activity index(DAI),observe the morphological changes of colon tissue by HE staining.Use transcriptome sequencing technology to sequence and biologically analyze the colon tissue of mice in each group,and compare and study whether the two acupoints have differences in acupoint efficacy from the perspective of diseased tissue.At the same time,take the heart tissues of each group for comparative analysis,and discuss whether the effects of the two acupoints are different from the perspective of non-diseased tissue.Results Compared with control group,the DAI score of the model group increased significantly(P<0.001),and HE staining results showed significant pathological damage;after acupuncture at Zusanli or Neiguan,the DAI scores of UC mice were reduced considerably(P<0.05),and the pathological damage was significantly improved.The results of transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis showed that the effects of acupuncture at Zusanli or Neiguan on the colon of diseased tissue involved multiple genes,and 825 differential genes with similar changes(co-DEGs)were mainly enriched in white blood cells and chemokine pathways;there were 168 differentially expressed genes(ST36 only-DEGs)affected only by Zusanli,which were enriched to gastric acid secretion and other pathways;there were 325 differentially expressed genes(PC6 only-DEGs)only affected by Neiguan,which were enriched in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and other pathways.There were 95 co-DEGs in the heart of non-diseased tissue,which were mainly enriched in positive regulation of defense response and response to interleukin-1;there were 28 ST36 only-DEGs;there were114 PC6 only-DEGs,which were enriched in cardiovascular diseases and other pathways.Conclusion Acupuncture of"Zusanli"and"Neiguan"could improve UC mice's symptoms and pathological colon changes.However,through transcriptomic analysis,it was found that the two acupoints had differences in gene transcription effects on the colon of diseased tissue and the heart of non-diseased tissue,suggesting that acupoints with different distribution positions had some similarities in macro efficacy.Still,there were some differences at a micro level.

Objective:To study the clinical characteristics and management strategies of late bleeding after laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (LPD).Methods:The clinical data of 58 patients with post-pancreaticoduodenectomy hemorrhage (PPH) admitted to the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from March 2018 to March 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, including 42 males and 16 females, aged (61.88±11.02) years old. According to the occurrence of intra-abdominal erosion factors (e.g., pancreatic fistula, biliary fistula, gastrointestinal anastomotic fistula, intra-abdominal abscess), patients were divided into the erosion group ( n=42) and non-erosion group ( n=16). All patients underwent standard lymphadenectomy. Clinical data including the PPH time-point, occurrence of rebleeding, and treatment outcomes were accessed. The management strategies of PPH in the two groups of patients were analyzed. Results:The PPH time-point in the erosion group and non-erosion patients was 8.00 (5.00, 19.25) d and 21.50 (12.75, 26.75) d, respectively ( P=0.001). PPH can occurred within one month after surgery in both erosion and non-erosion groups. In the erosion group, 31 cases (73.81%, 31/42) were treated by re-operation, two (4.76%, 2/42) by interventional radiology and nine (21.43%, 9/42) with conservative protocol, respectively. In the non-erosion group, five cases (31.25%, 5/16) were treated by re-operation, seven (43.75%, 7/16) by interventional radiology and four (25.00%, 4/16) with conservative protocol, respectively. The incidence of re-bleeding is higher in the erosion group [47.6% (20/42) vs 12.5% (2/16), P<0.05]. Clinical manifestations, sites and severity of bleeding, and treatment outcomes were also different in the erosion and non-erosion groups (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The occurrence of intra-abdominal erosion factors can affect the clinical characteristics and treatment strategy of late bleeding after laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy. Surgery remains the treatment of choice for post-pancreaticoduodenectomy hemorrhage either as an urgent or last resort.

In order to improve the students' initiative and values in knowledge seeking, this study integrates ideological and political elements into the medical physics curriculum. On the basis of the standard curriculum, 11 ideological and political elements corresponding to 6 knowledge points are added to the courseware and teaching plan and implemented in the classroom. The changes of students' ideological and moral level and values before and after teaching were statistically analyzed by questionnaire. The results show that through the integration of ideological and political elements, 98.15% (106/108) think it is necessary to integrate the ideological and political elements into the curriculum. The proportion of students who study for the purpose of working skills, national medical care and world medical care has increased, while the proportion of students who earn credits has decreased, which shows that students' learning initiative and values have been improved.

Objective:To explore the effect of Rehmanniae Radix combined with Scrophulariae Radix on renal microinflammation in diabetic nephropathy (DN) rats. Methods:50 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were adaptively fed for 1 week, and then 10 rats were randomly selected as the blank control group, and the rest were treated with STZ intraperitoneal injection combined with high-fat diet to induce DN model. After 4 weeks, the successful modeled rats were randomly divided into model group, Rehmannia glutinosa Scrophularia group (5.25 g/kg) and metformin group (200 mg/kg), with 10 rats in each group. After 8 weeks of administration, fasting blood glucose was measured by blood glucose meter; microalbuminuria was measured by benzalkonium chloride turbidimetry; serum cystatin, TNF-α, IL-6 and hs-CRP levels were measured by ELISA kit; renal pathological changes were detected by HE staining, Masson staining and PAS staining; the expression of MCP-1, NF-κB (total) and p-NF-κB protein in renal tissue was detected by Western blot.Results:Compared with the model group, the body weight of rats in DHXS group was significantly decreased ( P<0.05). The content of fasting blood glucose[(18.06 ± 5.69) mmol/L vs. (29.42 ± 0.63)mmol/L], 24-hour urine protein [(11.02 ± 1.77)mg/d vs. (31.61 ± 0.65)mg/d], serum cystatin [(208.16 ± 12.07)ng/ml vs. (278.05 ± 19.33)ng/ml], TNF-α [(9.13 ± 1.46)pg/ml vs. (73.16 ± 8.30)pg/ml], IL-6[(4.27 ± 1.07)pg/ml], hs-CRP[(219.36 ± 22.02)ng/ml vs. (266.97 ± 15.80)ng/ml] in DHXS group were significantly decreased ( P<0.05), and the expression level of p-NF-κB (0.49 ± 0.07 vs. 0.84 ± 0.12) and MCP-1 (0.44 ± 0.02 vs. 0.64 ± 0.11) in renal tissue of rats in DHXS group were significantly reduced ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Rehmanniae Radix combined with Scrophulariae Radix can protect kidney by inhibiting the over activation of NF-κB, and reducing the expression of MCP-1 related protein to reduce renal micro inflammation.

Objective:To evaluate the arthroscopy-assisted reduction and internal fixation (ARIF) via the traditional anterolateral approach for the treatment of posterolateral tibial plateau fractures (PTPF).Methods:A retrospective study was conducted of the 79 patients with PTPF who had been treated from March 2014 to February 2020 at Department of Articular Surgery, Linyi Central Hospital. They were 37 males and 42 females, aged from 17 to 71 years (average, 46.0 years). According to treatment methods, they were assigned into an ARIF group (37 cases) and a control group (42 cases). The ARIF group was treated by ARIF via the traditional anterolateral approach and the ARIF varied according to the extents of articular collapse and split and displacement of fracture fragments. The control group was treated by traditional reduction and internal plate fixation of the proximal tibia. The 2 groups were compared in terms of operation time, blood loss, iliac bone grafting, hospitalization time, follow-up time, Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score, maximum flexion and extension, fracture healing time, Rassmussen functional and anatomical scores, visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score and complications.Results:There was no statistically significant difference in the general data between the 2 groups, showing comparability ( P>0.05). All patients were followed up for 6 to 18 months (average, 11.4 months). The operation time [(48.9±8.2) min], blood loss [(73.1±20.8) mL], hospitalization time [(9.3±2.5) d], and fracture healing time [(12.5±1.8) weeks] in the ARIF group were all significantly less than those in the control group [(55.2±9.9) min, (100.8±30.3) mL, (11.8±2.8) d and (15.1±2.1) weeks] while the HSS score [(93.5±4.6) points], maximum flexion angle (107.8°±10.4°) and Rassmussen functional score [(27.1±1.8) points] in the ARIF group were significantly higher than those in the control group [(88.4±7.4) points, 100.4°±10.0° and (26.1±2.4) points] (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in iliac bone grafting, follow-up time, maximum extension angle, Rassmussen anatomical score, VAS score, or rate of complications (all P>0.05). Conclusions:Compared with traditional surgery, ARIF which varies with the extents of articular collapse and split and displacement of fracture fragments may lead to shorter operation time, reduced surgical trauma and more accurate reduction of the articular surface. Therefore, it can be an additional choice in the treatment of PTPF.

Objective:To describe the treatment of the first carpometacarpal arthritis in Eaton Ⅱ, Ⅲ combining the hemi excision of trapezium with tendon ball and evaluate its clinical efficacy.Methods:Data of patients with the first carpometacarpal arthritis who were treated by hemi excision of trapezium and tamponade of the tendon ball from March 2013 to October 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Twelve patients were all females with an average age of 55±2.8 years (range, 48-61 years). There were 3 cases of left thumbs and 9 cases of right. The study was only researched with primary osteoarthritis patients, preoperative imaging Eaton stages, including 8 cases inⅡstage, 4 cases in Ⅲ stage. Postoperative X-ray examination was performed, and the subsidence rate of the first metacarpal bone was evaluated according to height of arthroplasty. Preoperative and postoperative pain was evaluated according to visual analogue scales (VAS) score and DASH score. Preoperative and postoperative finger movement was evaluated according to the changes in preoperative and postoperative grip and pinch force.Results:The average follow-up period was 12±4.8 months (range, 6-17 months). The mean score of VAS after operation was 1.2±1.0 which was lower than 6.3±1.5 before operation ( t=13.4, P=0.0001); DASH score after operation was 26.2±9.6 which was lower than 48.9±13.0 before operation ( t=5.7, P=0.0001); Grip force after operation was 25.5±6.8 kg which was higher than 15.0±2.9 kg before operation ( t=7.3, P=0.0001); Pinch force after operation was 3.2±0.8 kg which was higher than 2.1±0.4 kg before operation ( t=3.6, P=0.0045), and all of these four above data has statistic difference. At the latest postoperative follow-up, the height index of arthroplasty was 0.299±0.022, and there was no significant change ( F=1.337, P=0.276) when compared with 0.306±0.021 before surgery and 0.313±0.024 after surgery. After the operation, 2 patients presented with incision redness and swelling and exudation. It was considered that local hematoma in the intra-articular operation could not be completely absorbed. After several dressing changes, the redness and swelling subsided and the exudation was controlled. Conclusion:Preserving the proximal joint surface of trapezium and tamponading tendon ball, could reduce the subsidence rate of the first metacarpal bone and alleviate the pain of the first carpometacarpal joint, thus may effectively improve the joint function. It has a significant effect on the treatment of Eaton Ⅱ,Ⅲ stage of the first carpometacarpal arthritis.

Objective:Through constructing an online question database of medical physics, teachers and students can make use of the Internet to realize interaction in or after class, so students' ability of independent learning and the quality of teaching can be improved.Methods:Based on teaching outlines, the type, quantity and difficulty of the test questions were discussed and determined by teachers in the teaching and research office, and the online question database of medical physics was constructed with the help of Internet platform to realize self-testing and teacher-student interaction.Results:Through the construction and application of online question database, students' learning initiative was mobilized, the effectiveness of teacher-student interaction was improved, and empirical materials for teaching formation evaluation were obtained. Self-examination and teacher-student interaction help improve students independent learning and problem solving ability. And data generated on the platform enable teachers to know students' learning situation and their teaching quality.Conclusion:The construction and application of Internet + digital online question database of medical physics can greatly promote the teaching effect.