The insufficient fund is the"bottleneck"factor restricting the development of the general practitioner education and training in China.The article attempts to investigate how to found a scientific and effective mechanism so as to provide the thinking for transforming the current status.

Objective: To evaluate the quality of Radix bupleuri from different producing areas and make a comparison by using grey correlation analysis(GRA)and principal components analysis(PCA).Methods: Fifteen samples of Radix bupleuri were collected from different producing areas.The percentage of total ash, acid-insoluble ash, extract, saikosaponin a and saikosaponin d of Radix bupleuri from different habitats were determined.The grey correlation quality evaluation model was built for Radix bupleuri from different producing areas and the results were compared with those of PCA.Results: According to the grey correlation analysis on components in the different batches of Radix bupleuri , the samples from Shaanxi province were the most highly correlated with the optimal reference sequence (0.79), which suggested the best quality.Radix bupleuri Fructus from Hebei province was the most poorly correlated with the optimal reference sequence (0.23), which showed the worst quality.The results were basically identical with those of PCA, indicating good repeatability and stability.Conclusion: Grey incidence degree method and the established Radix bupleuri quality evaluation models can be used to evaluate the quality of Radix bupleuri .

BACKGROUND: Disturbance of mitochondrial fission and fusion (termed mitochondrial dynamics) is one of the leading causes of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced myocardial injury. Previous studies showed that mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) conferred cardioprotective effect against myocardial I/R injury and suppressed I/R-induced excessive mitophagy in cardiomyocytes. However, whether ALDH2 participates in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics during myocardial I/R injury remains unknown. METHODS: In the present study, we investigated the effect of ALDH2 on mitochondrial dynamics and the underlying mechanisms using the H9c2 cells exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) as an in vitro model of myocardial I/R injury. RESULTS: Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was significantly increased after oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R), and ALDH2 activation largely decreased the cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Additionally, we found that both ALDH2 activation and overexpression significantly inhibited the increased mitochondrial fission after OGD/R. Furthermore, we found that ALDH2 dominantly suppressed dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) phosphorylation (Ser616) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation (Thr172) but not interfered with the expression levels of mitochondrial shaping proteins. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate the protective effect of ALDH2 against cardiomyocyte H/R injury with a novel mechanism on mitochondrial fission/fusion.

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of basic immunization with different sequential immunization programs of oral live attenuated poliomyelitis vaccine(OPV)and inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine(IPV). Methods Infants above two months of age residing in Pudong New Area,Shanghai,were selected for the study,and the basic immunization program of OPV full course(O-O-O group),sequential IPV and OPV(I-I-O group),and IPV full course(I-I-I group)were administered at 2,3 and 4 months of age,respectively. Relevant adverse reactions were proactively monitored by the parents of the participants via completing their own self-observation form after immunization. Before and after immunization,blood samples were collected from the upper arm vein,and the serum was separated. The neutralizing antibody levels of poliovirus in serum were measured by micro neutralization test,and the antibody positive rate and geometric mean titer(GMT)were calculated. Logistic multivariate regression analysis was used to research the effects of group,gender,household registration,birth mass and positive rate of typeⅠ/Ⅲ antibody before immunizationon the positive rate of type Ⅰ/Ⅲ antibody after basic immunization. Results There were one case of lethargy and one case of crying in O-O-O group, one case of lethargy in I-I-O group,and one case of crying in I-I-I group. The GMTs of type I neutralizing antibody in the pre-immunization O-O-O group,I-I-O group,and I-I-I group were 41. 39,8. 21,and 12. 56,and those of type Ⅲ neutralizing antibody were 7. 57,4. 02 and 8. 08,respectively. There was no significant difference in GMT between groups for typeⅠandⅢneutralizing antibodies before immunization(F = 2. 815 and 0. 608,P = 0. 061 and 0. 545,respectively). The positive rates of type Ⅰ antibody before immunization were 24. 04%,34. 07% and 41. 00%,respectively,with significant difference between groups(χ~2= 13. 459,P = 0. 001). The positive rates of type Ⅲ antibody were 13. 94%,9. 89% and 18. 00%,respectively,with no significant difference(χ~2= 5. 188,P = 0. 075). After immunization,the GMTs of type Ⅰ neutralizing antibody were 1 311. 84,1 812. 59 and 833. 24,and those of type Ⅲ neutralizing antibody were 911. 97,1 752. 68 and 419. 50,respectively,with significant differences between groups(F = 76. 848 and 202. 632,respectively,each P < 0. 001). After immunization,the positive conversion rates of type Ⅰantibody were 98. 56%,100% and 100%,and those of type Ⅲ antibody were 99. 04%,100% and 99. 44%,respectively,with no significant difference between the two groups(χ~2= 2. 973 and 1. 045,P = 0. 122 and 0. 789,respectively). In addition,group,gender,household registration,birth mass and positive rate of typeⅠ/Ⅲantibody before immunization had no effect on the positive conversion rate of typeⅠ/Ⅲantibody after basic immunization. Conclusion All three sequential immunization programs achieved good safety and high antibody positive conversion rates after basic immunization.

Animals ; Humans ; Reproducibility of Results ; Selenium ; analysis ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Spectrophotometry, Atomic

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprises a heterogeneous group of malignant disorders. it has been purified clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder from the initial initial dysplasia hematopoietic syndrome.The diagnosis of MDS has changed from completely morphological diagnosis to multi-parameter diagnosis. In this review, the laboratory examination and diagnosis technology of MDS are discussed.

Objective To observe the effect of valsartan combined with salvia miltiorrhiza ligustrazine in treating early diabetic nephropathy(DN),looking for an effective method for the treatment of early DN.Methods 51 DN patients were divided into two groups,28 cases in the treatment group were treated with valsartan and salvia miltiorrhiza ligustrazine therapy,23 cases in the control group only received valsartan treatment.Fasting blood glucose before and after treatment (FPG),2h postprandial blood glucose (2hPG),glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1 c),BUN,Scr,urine albumin excretion rate(UAER) index were detected.Results Before and after treatment,FPG,2hPG,HbA1c,UAER in the two groups had statistically significant differences (t =5.361,6.458,3.026,7.894,5.648,7.604,6.590,8.652,all P ＜ 0.05).After treatment,2hPG,HbA1c,UAER between the two groups had statistically significant differences (t =3.125,3.520,3.881,all P ＜ 0.05).No statistical difference was observed before and after treatment in two groups of BUN,Scr (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Valsartan combined with salvia tetramethylpyrazine in treatment of early DN was more effective than single valsartan treatment,and no significant adverse reactions was found in combined treatment.Therefore,the combined treatment can be used as a new method for clinical treatment of early DN.

Modern medicine has entered the era of personalized medicine,the most mature of which is based on analysis of the specific gene polymorphism and tumor-related gene mutation and expression detection.Usually the test is related to the PCR technique such as real-time PCR,PCR-sequence,PCR-hybridization (on chip,membrane,latex particles),which leads to the gene amplification process.Now,some laboratories do or will to conduct such clinical tests.But most of them are non-classic clinical laboratories,which belong to the pathology,pharmacy or oncology department.There is a problem in front of us face that is how to standardize the clinical test on the key point of the test including design of the laboratory,collection and handling of the samples,quality control of testing procedure in the laboratory and report and results explanation for personalized testing and establish quality assurance system.

Application of standard materials in clinical laboratory medicine plays an important role in assuring result concordance between different reagents, methods and clinical laboratories. This article provides an overview of the correct classification, selection and application of standard materials for clinical laboratory medicine.

The function of cellular membrane receptor has been paid more attention in many dieases.Integrin is one of them.The major function of integrin is maintaining the proper structure of tissues by organization of cell-cell and cell-extracelluar matrix tethering.The initiation and prolongation of many diseases are promoted by these receptors.Disintegrin is one important component of the snake venom.It inhibit the adhesive attraction of integrin particularly.This review summarizes the types and the biological activities of snake venom disintegrins,as well as discusses there potential clinical application of the study,such as anti-tumor,anticoagulation,and various human diseases.