Objective To review the causes of exudative retinal detachment(ERD),indications of vitrectomy for ERD and its outcomes.Design Retrospective case series.Participants 57 patients with ERD received vitrectomy in EENT Hospital,Fudan Uni- versity.Methods A retrospective analysis of clinical records were conducted.Main Outcome Measures Etiology,vitrectomy indica- tions and its outcomes.Results 57 cases(62 eyes)with ERD received vitrectomy.The disease distribution of vitrectomy were Coats dis- ease in 23 cases(45.2%),familial exudative vitreoretinopathy in 8 cases(12.9%),uveitis in 7 cases(11.3%),retinal hemangioma in 7 cases(11.3%),bullous retinal detachment in 6 cases(9.7%),endophthalmitis in 4 cases(6.5%)and pit of optic nerve in 2 cases(3.2%). Severe ERD and proliferative change were major indication for treatment with vitrectomy.During follow-up period,most patients gained useful vision in early stage.Follow up rate of 6 months or more was 64.9%.The recurrence of ERD was 5.4% and most patients also gained useful vision.Condusion Coats disease is the prominent cause of being treated with vitrectomy in ERD.When proliferation or vitreous hemorrhage happens or macula is involved,vitrectomy should be performed.Most patients can gain useful vision after vitrecto- my.(Ophthalmol CHN,2008,17:52-55)

BACKGROUND:No particularly effective medicine could treat human immunodeficiency virus 1(HIV 1) associated dementia(HAD) at present,which mainly because the mechanism of HIV 1 infection induced neural damage and necrosis is still not completely clarified. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of human immunodeficiency virus I type(HIV 1) enveloped protein(EP) gp120 on the synaptic transmission and plasticity in hippocampal CA1 area of rat to clarify the mechanism of HAD generation. DESIGN:A paired design. SETTING:Department of Pathophysiology of Medical College of Jinan University. MATERIALS:The study was conducted in the Department of Pathophysiology(a tertiary national key laboratory of National Administration for Traditional Chinese Medicine,registration number: TCM 03 131) of the Medical College of Jinan University from January to October of 2003.Male SD rats aged between 2 and 5 weeks were used in the study. INTERVENTIONS:Brain slice perfusion and recording technique was employed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:To record the excitatory postsynaptic potential(EPSP) in hippocampal CA1 area in rat;to investigate the effects of gp120 on long term potentiation(LTP) induced by high frequency electric stimulation in Schaffer lateral branch. RESULTS:gp120 had inhibitive effect on LTP in hippocampal CA1 area in rat [the average amplitude of LTP decreased from normal (216.1± 14.0) % to(90.8± 6.0) % ,n=12,P< 0.01],but had no effect on basic EPSP.PKA/PKC protein kinase(PK) inhibitor H7 could reverse this inhibitive effect [the average amplitude of LTP was(198.8± 16.2) % ,n=8,P< 0.01]. CONCLUSION:gp120 might participate the generation of HAD through inhibiting LTP in hippocampal CA1 area.

Many studies have shown that chronic inflammation occurs in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is well known that long-term administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can alleviate the cognitive decline of AD patient and elderly. Several inflammatory cytokines produced in the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) are closely related to inflammatory diseases. Lipoxygenases (LOXs) and cyclooxygenases (COXs) play a crucial role in the AA network, the products eicosanoids have an important impact on the progression of AD. Although there are many arguments and conflicting evidence, currently LOXs and COXs are still the hot topics in the research on AD pathogenesis and drug development. Here, we review the progress in research on COXs and LOXs, including their actions on CNS and their association with AD, and explore the feasibility of LOXs and COXs as targets for the drugs to prevent and/or treat AD.

At present, China’s OTC market is developing fast and would become the largest medicine market of the world. Medicine production enterprises explored China’s market one after another. Facing up such fierce competition, it’s an arduous task for inland OTC medicine production enterprises to get market share. It analyzes the necessities and misunderstandings of China’s OTC medicine production enterprises, studies the countermeasures for China’s OTC medicine production enterprises to conduct CIS strategy by analyzing characteristics of OTC medicine and market situation.

Objective This study explored the protective effect of tetramethylpyrazine on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibiting oxidative stress. Methods Primary cultured neonatal myocytes were applied to explore the anti-ischemia/reperfusion injury property in vitro. The survival viability of myocytes was determined by MTT; enzyme activities such as lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide were analyzed with assay kits; inducible nitricoxide synthase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expressions were determined by Westernblot. Results Tetramethylpyrazine significantly improved the beating frequencies of myocytes after oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation procedure, decreased lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and malondialdehyde levels and enhanced superoxide dismutase activity.Tetramethylpyrazine also inhibited excessive production of nitric oxide through downregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase as well as upregulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase during ischemia/reperfusion injury. Conclusion Tetramethylpyrazine could significantly improve the oxidative-stress tolerance of myocytes to keep cell membrane integrity and protect the myocardial tissue of normal physiological function via an antioxidant effect and by restoring the balance between inducible nitric oxide synthase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase, while inhibiting the generation of cytotoxic concentrations of NO.

Objective To evaluate the effect of gabapentin on Cav3.2 channels in the dorsal root ganglia ( DRG) of rats with neuropathic pain. Methods Thirty male Sprague?Dawley rats, aged 6-7 weeks, weighing 225-275 g, were divided into 3 groups ( n=10 each) using a random number table:sham operation group ( S group) , neuropathic pain group ( NP group) and gabapentin group ( G group) . In NP and G groups, neuropathic pain was induced by chronic constriction injury to the left sciatic nerve. Starting from 7th day after operation, gabapentin 100 mg∕kg in 1 ml of normal saline was injected intraper?itoneally twice a day for 7 consecutive days in group G, and the equal volume of normal saline was given twice a day for 7 consecutive days in S and NP groups. The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold ( MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency ( TWL) were measured on day 3 before operation and on postoperative days 3, 7 and 14. After the last measurement of pain thresholds on the postoperative day 14, 4 rats were sacrificed for determination of Cav3. 2 mRNA expression ( by real?time polymerase chain reaction) and Cav3.2 protein expression (by Western blot) in the DRG. Results Compared with S group, the MWT was significantly decreased, and TWL was significantly shortened on postoperative days 3, 7 and 14, and the expression of Cav3.2 protein and mRNA in the DRG was significantly up?regulated in group NP, and the MWT was significantly decreased, and TWL was significantly shortened on postoperative days 3 and 7 ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the expression of Cav3.2 protein and mRNA in the DRG in group G ( P>0.05) . Compared with NP group, the MWT was significantly increased, and TWL was signif?icantly prolonged on the postoperative day 14, and the expression of Cav3.2 protein and mRNA in the DRG was significantly down?regulated in group G ( P<0.05) . Conclusion The mechanism by which gabapentin attenuates neuropathic pain may be related to inhibition of the function of Cav3.2 channels in the DRG of rats.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes of endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD) of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) before and after Kanli Decoction treatment. METHODS: Thirty-five CHF patients were treated with Kanli Decoction. We used color Doppler ultrasound to monitor the flow-mediated dilation (FMD), pulsatile index (PI), resistance index (RI), baseline blood flow (BF), ejection fraction (EF) before and after the treatment. RESULTS: FMD after treatment (9.26+/-3.19) were obviously higher than that before the treatment (7.06+/-2.58) (P<0.05), but BF, PI and RI were not improved. CONCLUSION: Applying color Doppler ultrasound into observation on EDD of patients suffering from CHF and treated by the Kanli Decoction shows that the CHF could be treated by traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective To evaluate the effects of vitamin C combined with low dose of gabapentin on neuropathic pain (NP) in rats.Methods Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 225-275 g,aged 6-7 weeks,were randomly assigned into 5 groups (n =10 each):sham operation group (group Sham),NP group,vitamin C group (group VitC),gabapentin group (group Gap),and vitamin C combined with gabapentin group (VitC + Gap group).NP was induced by chronic constrictive injury in the rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium.The sciatic nerve was exposed and 4 silk ligatures were placed on the sciatic nerve at 1 mm intervals.In VitC,Gap and VitC+ Gap groups,vitamin C 500 mg/kg,gabapentin 30 mg/kg,and vitamin C 500 mg/kg + gabapentin 30 mg/kg diluted in normal saline 1 ml were injected intraperitoneally,respectively,twice a day for 7 consecutive days starting from 7 days after NP.Normal saline 1 ml was given in Sham and NP groups.Before NP and at 3,7,and 14 days after NP,the paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimuli (PWMT) and paw withdrawal latency to thermal stimuli (PWTL) were measured.At 14 days after NP,the blood samples were drawn from the carotid arteries.The rats were then sacrificed and the spinal cord was removed for determination of concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum (by using Thiobarbituric acid method) and Slc23a2 mRNA expression (by RTPCR).Results Compared with Sham group,PWMT and PWTL in left paws were significantly decreased in NP,VitC,Gap ard VitC + Gap groups,the concentrations of MDA in serum were increased and Slc23a2 mRNA expression was down-regulated in NP group,Slc23a2 mRNA expression was down-regulated in VitC and Gap groups,and no significant change in Slc23a2 mRNA expression was found in VitC + Gap group.Compared with NP group,PWMT and PWTL in left paws were significantly increased,the concentrations of MDA in serum were decreased,and Slc23a2 mRNA expression was up-regulated in VitC + Gap group,the concentrations of MDA in serum were decreased in VitC group,and no significant changes were found in PWMT and PWTL in left paws in VitC and Gap groups.There were no significant differences in PWMT and PWTL in fight paws at each time point between the five groups.Conclusion Vitamin C combined with low dose of gabapentin can relieve NP effectively,and up-regulation of Slc23a2 mRNA expression,increased trafficking of vitamin C to neurons and inhibition of oxidative stress may be involved in the mechanism.

Objective To retrospectively analyze the relationship of the classification and risk stratification in senile hypertension with benign prostatic byperplasia (BPH).Methods Totally 376 male senior patients,including 233 senile hypertensive patients and 143 non-hypertensive patients as a control,were enrolled in this study.There were 35 cases of hypertension at level 1,82 cases at level 2,116 cases at level 3.Based on risk stratification of hypertension,there were 3 cases of low-risk,28 cases of medium risk,75 cases of high-risk,127 cases of very high risk.All candidates accepted the International Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS) assessment before the treatment.Fasting blood glucose (FBG),total cholesterol (TC),triglycerides (TG),low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) were determined.Body mass index (BMI) and prostate volume (PV) were calculated.Relationship of classification and risk stratification in hypertension with BPH were analyzed.Results The levels of systolic blood pressurc (SBP),diastolic blood pressure (DBP),body weight,BMI,FBG and TC were higher (t=3.883,2.498,2.161,3.399,2.200,2.370,P＜0.05 or P＜0.01),while serum HDL-C were lower (t=2.036,P＜0.05) in hypertensive patients than in control group.Compared with the control group,IPSS and PV was increased (t =3.432,3.381,both P＜0.01) in hypertension group.Risk rate of hypertensive patients with BPH was 2.03 times (95％CI:1.33-3.11,P＜0.01) as compared with control group.In hypertensive patients,PV and IPSS were higher in level 2 or 3 grade group than in level 1 group (F=6.890,7.576,all P＜0.01).PV and IPSS in high risk and very high risk groups were enhanced as compared with those in low-medium risk group (F=30.608,19.804,all P＜0.01).Pearson analysis showed that PV was positively correlated with SBP,FBG and TC(r=0.223,0.251,0.305,all P＜0.05),while negatively correlated with HDL-C(r =-0.235,P＜0.05).Similarly,IPSS was positively correlated with SBP,DBP and FBG (r=0.396,0.273,0.224,all P＜0.01),while negatively correlated with HDL-C (r =-0.288,P＜ 0.01).Conclusions High incidence of BPH appears in the elderly men with hypertension.The increased PV and IPSS coexist with conventional risk factors of essential hypertension.Development of BPH is closely related to higher blood pressure and risk stratifications of hypertension.

BACKGROUND: There are different methods to isolate and culture human nucleus pulposus cells, and the differences in digestive enzymes components and digestion time quite are significant. So how to rapidly and efficiently harvest human nucleus pulposus cells has become a research hotspot. OBJECTIVE: To optimize the digestive enzymes components and digestion methods for the preparation of human nucleus pulposus cells. METHODS: Nucleus pulposus tissue specimens were selected from three adult discs in the Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University. The acute traumatic disc tissues that outstanding to the spinal canal were taken under aseptic conditions, and then the peripheral white annulus and jel y-like nucleus pulposus in the center could be seen. According to different mixed enzyme concentration ratio, the samples were divided into two groups. The enzyme Ⅰ group was treated with 0.2% Ⅱ col agenase; and the mixed enzymeⅡ group was digested with 0.25% trypsin for 30 minutes, and then treated with 0.2% Ⅱ col agenase. According to digestion time, each group was divided into three subgroups: 2 hours group, 4 hours group, and overnight group. Final y, suspended cel volume was decided as 2 mL to count cells. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium containing fetal bovine serum was used for cel culture in vitro. Trypan blue staining was performed to count total cel number and ratio of living cells. Methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay was used to detect the growth curve of nucleus pulposus cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Based on the two digestion enzyme concentration, the number of digested cells in the enzyme Ⅰ group was larger than that in the enzyme Ⅱ group after digested for 2 and 4 hours, but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Overnight, cellsurvival rate was decreased in the enzyme Ⅰ group after digested for 2 and 4 hours when compared with the enzyme Ⅱ group, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). After digested for 4 hours, tissue blocks disappeared, and the number of cells reached maximum. The results indicate that enzyme Ⅰgroup composite with Ⅱ col agenase is benefit for the separation of nucleus pulposus cells, and the digestion time is appropriate to 4 hours. This condition has the advantages of simple operation, high efficiency and low cost, and it considered that digestion of nucleus pulposus tissues with 0.2% Ⅱ col agenase for 4 hours is the best condition to obtain nucleus pulposus cells.