Mammary stem cell is the subpopulation in mamnlary gland,capable of self-renewal and dif-ferentiating into ductal,alveolar and myoepithelial cells.Recently,several laboratories have employed various methods identifying mammary stem cells,including Sca-1,Hoechst dye efflux,CD24,CD3 1-CIM5-Terl19- CD24+CD29hi and so on.which offer a useful tool to elucidate the mechanism of mammary slem cell self-renew- al and design more effective therapies of mammary cancer.

Background The novel dynamic biomechanical device Corvis ST can measure a variety of corneal deformation parameters and record the dynamic process of cornea deformation.Understanding various corneal deformation parameters is of important clinical significance for morphological and functional prediction for myopic eyes in corneal refractive surgery.However,the range and meaning of corneal deformation parameters in myopic eyes are still unknown.Objective This study was to establish the range of corneal defamation parameters by Corvis ST and explore its clinical significance in myopic eyes.Methods A descriptive study was designed under the approval of Ethic Committee of Tianjin Eye Hospital and informed consent of patients.This study protocol complied with Helsinki Declaration.Four hundred and seventy-seven eyes of 257 myopic patients who were going to receive corneal refractive surgery were included in Tianjin Eye Hospital from June 2014 to January 2015.The corneal deformation parameters including the first applanation time (1st A-time),first applanation lengh (1 st A-length),first applanation velocity (1 st A-velocity),second applanation time (2nd A-time),second applanation length (2nd A-length),second applanation velocity (2nd A-velocity),highest concavity time (HC-time),highest concavity deformation amplitude (HC-DA),highest concavity peak distance (HC-PD),highest concavity radius (HC-R),non-contact intraocular pressure (IOPnct) and the central corneal thickness (CCTst) were measured by Corvis ST.Corneal structural parameters including CCT and corneal curvature were measured by 3-D anterior segment analysis system (Pentacam),and corneal biomechanical parameters including corneal resistance factor (CRF),corneal hysteresis (CH),intraocular pressure mimic Goldmann (IOPg) and intraocular pressure of corneal compensation (IOPcc) were measured by Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA).The distributions of the data were tested with the Shapiro-Wilk test and 95％ confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.The correlations of the variables were evaluated by Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman rank correlation coefficient.Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the changes of 1st A-time,2nd A-time and HC-DA with corneal morphology and biomechanical parameters.Resnlts Only 1st A-time,2ndA-time,HC-time,HC-DA,CCTst and IOPnct showed the normality distribution in corneal deformation parameters.The positive correlations were found between 1st A-time,1st A-length,2nd A-length,2nd A-velocity,HC-R with CCT (r=0.338,rs=0.129,rs=0.282,rs =0.374,r=0.306,all at P＜0.01),while 1st A-velocity,2nd A-time,HC-D and HC-PD showed the negative correlations with CCT (rs =-0.235,r=-0.130,r=-0.259,r=-0.226,all at P＜0.01).CRF and CH showed positive correlations with 1st A-time,2nd A-length,2nd A-velocity,HC-time,HC-R and negative correlations with HC-PD,△A-length (all at P＜0.05).1st A-time,2nd A-time and HC-DA changed with CRF and IOPcc with the regression formations of 1st A-time =6.185+0.066CRF+0.034IOPec (F=300.123,P =0.000),2nd A-time=23.397-0.074IOPec-0.044CRF (F=227.979,P=0.000) and HC-DA =1.523-0.017IOPcc-0.017CRF (F=152.662,P=0.000).The CCTst,IOPst and IOPnct values by Corvis ST were significantly lower than CCT by Pentacam ([548.23±26.31] μm,IOPg ([15.02±2.72]mmHg and ([16.02-±2.56]mmHg) by ORA respectively (t =11.00,2.919,6.815,all at P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions The corneal deformation parameters by Corvis ST can quantitatively describe corneal biomechanical properties in myopic eyes.Both IOP and the corneal steep curvature of the 3 mm center area (K2) affect the deformation response of cornea.The reliability of Corvis ST in the measurement of CCT and IOP remains to be further studied.

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Objective To investigate the clinical effects of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with duodenaljejunal bypass (LSG + DJB) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods The clinical data of 17 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who underwent LSG + DJB at the Xijing Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University from March 2013 to February 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.The fasting blood glucose,postprandial 2-hour blood glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and body mass index (BMI) in 17 patients before operation were (9.2 ± 0.6) mmol/L,(14.4 ± 2.2) mmol/L,8.3％ ± 1.2％ and (29.4 ± 2.2) kg/m2,respectively.All the patients received LSG + DJB and were followed up by outpatient examination up to March 2015.The pre-and post-operative 12-month fasting blood glucose,postprandial 2-hour blood glucose,HbA1 c and BMI in 17 patients were compared.Measurement data with normal distribution were presented as-x ± s and analyzed by the t test.Results All the 17 patients received successful laparoscopic LSG + DJB without conversion to open surgery.The operation time,volume of intraoperative blood loss and recovery time of postoperative gastrointestinal function were (141 ±53)minutes,40 mL and 2.5 days.Of 3 patients with postoperative complications,1 patient with anastomotic leakage at postoperative day 5 received reoperation by laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass,1 patient with digestive tract obstruction at postoperative day 10 released obstruction by reoperation and 1 patient with left subphrenic abscess and leakage at the upper of the stomach at postoperative week 2 was cured by the symptomatic treatment.The duration of hospital stay was 5.2 days.All the patients were followed up for a median time of 16 months (range,13-24 months).The postoperative 12-month fasting blood glucose,postprandial 2-hour blood glucose,HbA1c and BMI in 17 patients were (5.5 ± 0.7)mmol/L,(8.8 ± 1.7)mmol/L,5.1％ ± 0.7％ and (24.7 ± 2.3)kg/m2,which were significantly different from preoperative indicators (t =19.96,10.52,12.06,31.99,P ＜ 0.05).During the follow-up,no anastomotic ulcer and stenosis,dumping syndrome and severe malnutrition were occurred.Conclusion LSG + DJB is safe and feasible for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus,with a good short-term hypoglycemic effect.

BACKGROUND:Ultrasound has been widely used in developmental hip dysplasia screening in infants and young children, but there are significant differences among different inspection findings, even in the reexamination by the same examiner. Therefore, the accuracy of ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis is of insufficient evidence.
OBJECTIVE:Through virtual reality three-dimensional reconstruction images showing the structure of acetabulum and femoral head space, to obtain a new parameter in order to enrich measurement standards of Graf ultrasonic diagnosis technology and to further improve the credibility of the diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip.
METHODS:Ten fresh cadaver specimens of Chinese infants were selected, including five males and five females. Two-dimensional ultrasonic method was employed for hip screening, and at the same time, multi-slice spiral CT was used for three-dimensional reconstruction fol owed by volume reconstruction and fitting of surface reconstruction to display the anatomic structure around the hip and to simulate Graf’s two-dimensional ultrasound method to measure a andβangles on three-dimensional virtual reality images.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:As confirmed by three-dimensional reconstruction, Graf’s two-dimensional ultrasound could be used to measure a and angles, truly reflecting the development of bony and cartilaginous acetabulum. Graf’s two-dimensional ultrasound contributed to the proper evaluation of beonatal hip dysplasia, which can be used as a routine examination for developmental dysplasia of the hip. These indicate that to master Graf’s ultrasound technology and strictly grasp the evaluation standards for developmental dysplasia of the hip is the important guarantee for diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip.

Objective To detect the expression of Id1 and HBx in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue samples and analyzed the correlation between Id1 expression levels and clinicopathological features of patients.Methods Tumor tissue samples obtained from a total of 113 HCC patients.The expression of Id1 proteins of these samples were detected by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and evaluated by two independent pathologists.The corrections between the clinical pathological parameters and the IHC scores for Id1and the prognostic significance were statistical analyzed by SPSS 19.0 software.Results Ninty-six of 113 patients is HBV-related HCC.Over-expression of Id1 were found positively correlated with the HBsAg ＞ 200 s/n,histological grade,portal vein invasion.Patients with Id1 overexpression had both shorter disease-free and overall survival times.Conclusions High expression of Id1 was correlated with serum HBsAg,histological grade,portal vein invasion and poor clinical outcomes in HBV-related HCC.

Objective To investigate the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF) in renal tissue of children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis(HSPN),and its correlation with clinical indexes and pathological changes,and to explore its effect on the pathogenesis of HSPN.Methods According to the clinical manifestation,60 children with HPSN were divided into only purpura group,mixed group and HSPN group.MIF concentration of Henoch-Schonlein purpura(HSP) groups and healthy control group were detected with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).MIF protein expression and the marker of human macrophage(CD68) in renal tissues of HSPN and normal control group were detected with immunohistochemistry method.The total urine protein for 24 hours and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) level were detected with laboratory routine method.Results MIF concentration in mixed group and HSPN group were significantly higher than that in only purpura group and healthy control group(Pa

Background It has been determined that dipeptidyl peptidase Ⅲ (DPPⅢ) plays an important role in the metabolism and modification of proteins and DPPⅢ of human has highly homologous to rat.Researches have shown that DPPⅢ is associated with the formation of cataract.However,few relevant studies have been reported.ObjectiveThe present study is to find out the relationship between the expression of DPPⅢ in rat lenses and age-related cataract.Methods Lenses were obtained from general Wistar rats of ages 3,6,9,or 12 weeks old (10 lenses each ) and homogenized with different concentrations of standard bovine serum.The proteins were resolved using SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis.Peak concentration and total concentration of DPPⅢ protein in lenses from rats of different ages were detected by Western blot.Enzyme activity of DPPⅢ was determined by monitoring the amount of dipeptides removed from a special substrate (Arg-Arg-4mb NA) by measuring the absorbance with UV-2500PC at 525 nm.The relationship between the enzyme activity of DPPⅢ in lenses and age of rats was evaluated using regression analysis.Results DPPⅢ was detected at a molecular weight of 82000 Da.The peak concentration and total concentration of DPPⅢ in normal rat lenses increased with the growth of age.The total protease activity of DPPⅢ in the lenses of rats was correlated with the ages of the rats (r=0.99,P＜0.05).Conclusion DPPⅢ may be involved in the alteration of crystallin during the development of lenses,and it may play an important role in the formation and aggravation of age-related cataract.

Background Small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) is lack of eye-tracking system and there is controversy in the treatment of astigmatism.It is very important to understand its correction effctiveness for myopic astigmatism.Objective This study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes in the correction of myopic astigmatism between SMILE and femtosecond laser assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK).Methods In this retrospective study,95 eyes of 51 patients and 69 eyes of 40 patients with myopic astigmatism underwent the SMILE surgery and FS-LASIK surgery respectively in Tianjin Eye Hospital from December 2013 to July 2014 under the informed consent.No significant differences were found in spherical power,astigmatic power and spherical equivalent (SE) between the SMILE group and FS-LASIK group before surgery (all at P＞0.05).The uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA),best corrected visual acuity (BCVA),manifest refraction,slit-lamp microscopy,intraocular pressure and corneal topography were measured before surgery and 1 day,1 week,1 month,3 months after surgery.Vector analysis was used to calculate the components of astigmatism before and after surgery.Correction index (CI),index of success (IOS),angle of error (AofE) and flattening index (FI) were used to evaluate the correction effectiveness of astigmatism.Safety index and efficacy index were used to evaluate the recovery status of visual acuity.The corrected effectiveness was compared between the two groups,and the correlations of kappa angle with measured parameter were assessed by Spearman rank correlation analysis.Results The mean spherical power,astigmatic power and SE were (0.003±0.106),(-0.063 ± 0.126) and (-0.029 ± 0.101) D in the SMILE group,which were significantly lower than (0.112 ± 0.212),(-0.091 ± 0.142) and (0.067 ± 0.198)D in the FS-LASIK group (Z =-4.328,-3.197,both at P＜0.05).Vector analysis showed the postoperative with-the-rule astigmatism in the SMILE group and oblique astigmatism in the FS-LASIK group respectively,and the CI and F1 in the SMILE group were significantly lower than those in the FS-LASIK group (Z =-3.051,-3.126,both at P ＜ 0.05).The insignificant reduce in IOS and AofE were seen in the SMILE group compared with the FS-LASIK group (Z=-1.557,P=0.119;Z =-1.923,P =0.054).In addition,the safety index and efficacy index were not significantly different between the two groups (both at P ＞ 0.05).Negative correlations were found between safety index or efficacy index and preoperative kappa angle in the SMILE group (r =-0.258,-0.257,both at P＜0.05).Conclusions Both SMILE and FS-LASIK surgeries are effective and safe in correcting myopic astigmatism with good postoperative visual acuity.SMILE surgery shows less axis rotation and higher accuracy than FS-LASIK because of small incision and flapless procedure.The correction of cylinder can adjust based on experience of surgeon.

Background The visual quality and corneal biomechanical change are two major sides for evaluating the outcomes of cornea refractive surgery.It was determined that small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) can improve the visual outcomes,but its long-term effects on corneal biomechanical are not known clearly.Objective This study was to investigate the change of corneal biomechanics and influence factors following SMILE.Methods A serial cases-observional study was performed.One hundred eyes of 58 patients with a mean spherical diopter (-5.00 ± 1.55) D and cylindrical diopter (-0.98 ± 0.87) D were included in Tianjin Eye Hospital from August 2011 to July 2013 under the informed consent.Corneal biomechanical parameters,including corneal resistance factor (CRF) and cornea hysteresis (CH) were measured using the ocular response analyzer (ORA) in preoperation and postoperative 1,3,6 and 12 months,respectively.The patients were grouped based on different lenticule thickness ratio (LTR),preoperative CRF values and residual stromal thickness (RST) separately,and the correlations of LTR,preoperative CRF and RST with ΔCRF and ΔCH were assessed.In addition,the associations between ΔCRF or ΔCH and related preoperation parameters were evaluated.Results The CRF and CH values at postoperative 1 month were (7.12 ± 1.20) mmHg and (7.90 ± 0.97) mmHg,which were significantly lower than preoperative (10.17±1.46) mmHg and (10.00±1.16) mmHg,respectively (t=15.552,P=0.000;t =13.411,P=0.000).The CRF values at postoperative 3,6 and 12 months were (7.06±0.90),(6.98 ± 1.11) and (6.87 ± 1.07) mmHg,and those of CH were (8.12 ±0.84),(8.12 ±0.97) and (8.14 ±0.86) mmHg,and no significant differences were found in CRF and CH between the adjacent time points (CRF:P =0.848,0.992,0.270;CH:P =0.370,0.791,0.777).Positive correlations were seen between the ΔCRF or ΔCH and LT/preoperative central corneal thickness (CCT) (LTR),preoperative CRF or preoperative CH values,respectively (LTR:r =0.468,P =0.000;r =0.299,P =0.004;preoperative CRF:r =0.696,P =0.000;r =0.590,P =0.000;preoperative CH:r =0.576,P =0.000;r =0.690,P =0.000).ΔCRF and ΔCH were negatively correlated with preoperative spherical equivalent diopter (r =-0.496,P =0.000;r =-0.292,P =0.010),the sum of preoperative spherical diopter and cylindrical diopter (r =-0.484,P =0.000;r =-0.293,P =0.005) or RST/preoperative CCT (r =-0.362,P =0.000;r =-0.243,P =0.019) and were positively correlated with lenticule (r =0.495,P =0.000;r =0.325,P =0.002).No significant association was found between ΔCRF or ΔCH and age,preoperative CCT and preoperative mean keratometry (all at P＞0.05).Conclusions Corneal biomechanical strength is decreased at the early stage after SMILE.However,biomechanical strength gradually enhances 1 month after surgery and tends to stability.The large RST/preoperative CCT can improve postoperative CRF and CH.The another main factor affecting the corneal biomechanics after SMILE is corrected-diopter.