Recently, along with the harmful factors in air in-creasing, the incidence of respiratory system diseases has been gradually rising. Therefore, more studies are focused on impro-ving the prevention and treatment on respiratory system diseases. Current researches have shown that microRNAs ( miRNA ) con-tribute to the prevention and treatment on respiratory system dis-eases, including virus infectious respiratory disease, pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, COPD, pulmonary tuberculosis and lung canc-er. The up-regulation and down-regulation of microRNAs could effectively regulate the biological process of these diseases. The review analyzes the recent years′study results of respiratory sys-tem diseases and microRNAs in depth, and discuss the role of microRNA in the treatment and prevention of respiratory disea-ses. Moreover, in this review we can provide new knowledge a-bout respiratory diseases and development of more potent drug targets for the treatment and prevention of respiratory diseases.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate clinical efficacy of cerebroventricular perfusion and intrathecal perfusion of vancomy-cin assisting with continuous drainage in the treatment of intracranial infection secondary to traumatic brain injury,and its effects on cerebrospinal fluid indexes and intracranial pressure. METHODS:One hundred and eighty patients with intracranial infection secondary to traumatic brain injury selected from Sanya Hospital of TCM during Jan. 2012 to Jun. 2015 were randomly divided into control group and observation group according to lottery,with 90 cases in each group. They were given cerebroventricular perfu-sion and intrathecal perfusion of vancomycin(20 mg dissolved in 5 mL normal saline)in cella lateralis and lumbar cisterna respec-tively combined with continuous drainage,q12 h. Both groups received treatment for 7 d.Clinical efficacy,the time of infection con-trol were compared between 2 groups as well as body temperature,intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal fluid indexes before and after treatment,and the occurrence of ADR. RESULTS:After treatment,total response rate of observation group (95.56%) was significantly higher than that of control group (77.78%),with statistical significance (P<0.05). The time of infection control in observation group [(9.67 ± 1.10)d] was significantly shorter than in control group [(11.84 ± 1.29)d],with statistical significance (P<0.05). Body temperature,intracranial pressure,cerebrospinal fluid protein and leukocyte of 2 groups were significantly lower than before treatment;cerebrospinal fluid glucose level was increased significantly compared to before treatment;above indexes of observation group were significantly better than those of control group,with statistical significance(P<0.05).There was no statisti-cal significance in the incidence of ADR between 2 groups(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:The intrathecal perfusion of vancomycin as-sisting with continuous drainage in the treatment of intracranial infection secondary to traumatic brain injury can effectively speed up the rehabilitation process,reduce the body temperature and intracranial pressure,and is helpful to improve the relevant cerebro-spinal fluid indexes. Therapeutic efficacy of it is better than that of cerebroventricular perfusion.

Osteoporosis is a progressive metabolic disease. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), deficiency of the liver, spleen and kidney and blood stasis can induce osteoporosis. The main etiology was kidney deficiency which harmed the liver and spleen and causeqi-blood deficiency and blood stasis. The insufficiency of natural endowment and postnatal malnutrition caused poor nutrition of tendons and vessels, which induced debility of bone. This article discussed the etiology and pathogenesis of TCM understanding on osteoporosis in details. Opportunities and challenges of TCM in osteoporosis treatment were explored. The homology of Chinese medicine and food as well as the long-term of osteoporosis showed that TCM had incomparable superiority in osteoporosis treatment. While, the scientific research methods and reasonable evaluation of TCM safety were important to display its advantages in osteoporosis treatment.

Objective To research the relation between the time-dependent appearances of myofibroblasts during the repair of contused skeletal muscle in rat and wound age determination. Methods A total of 35 SD male rats were divided into the control and six injured groups according to wound age as fol-lows: 12 h, 1 d, 5 d, 7 d, 10 d and 14 d after injury. The appearances of myofibroblasts were detected by HE staining, immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Masson’s trichrome staining was utilized to examine collagen accumulation in the contused areas. Results Immunohistochemical stain-ing showed that α-SMA+ myofibroblasts were initially observed at 5 d post-injury. The average ratio of myofibroblasts was highest at 14 d post-injury, with all samples, ratios more than 50%. In the other five groups, the average of α-SMA positive ratios were less than 50%. The collagen stained areas in the contused zones, concomitant with myofibroblast appearance, were increasingly augmented along with ad-vances of posttraumatic interval. Conclusion The immunohistochemical detection of myofibroblasts can be applied to wound age determination. The myofibroblasts might be involved in collagen deposition during the repair of contused skeletal muscle in rat.

An HPLC method was developed for determinantion of trolline in the flowers of Trollius chinensis commercially available in China. The HPLC analysis was conducted on an Agilent C18 ODS column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) with acetonitrile-0.5% acetic acid solution (gradient: 0-30 min, 2:98-100:0) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). The detecting wavelength was at 258 nm. Linearity of trolline was good in the range of 0.1380-1.2410 microg and the content of trolline in nine batches of the flowers of T. chinensis commercially available in China was ranged from 0.05% to 0.11%. This method is good in terms of precision, accuracy and repeatability and can be used for the quantitative determination of trolline.
Alkaloids ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Ranunculaceae ; chemistry ; Reproducibility of Results

OBJECTIVETo develop the preparation method and to determine the quantity of effective constituents of Scrophularia ningpoensis dispensing granules.

METHODNine experiments were carried out through L9 (3(4)) orthogonal design. The contents of harpagoside and cinnamic acid were determined by HPLC method.

RESULTThe optimal extraction process was as follows: the slices were soaked in water in the ratio of 1:8 for 0.5 h, then they were decocted for 2 h. For the second time, 6 times of water was added and sustained for 1.5 h. Harpagoside and cinnamic acid were linear within the ranges of 0.0776-1.552 microg (r=0.9999) and 0.01446-0.4339 microg (r=0.9999), respectively. The average recoveries were 100.4% (RSD 1.98%, n=6) and 98.27% (RSD1.35%, n=6), respectively. Ten batches of granules were determined.

CONCLUSIONThe extraction process is scientific and the determination method is suitable for quality control of Scrophularia ningpoensis dispensing granules.

Calibration ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cinnamates ; analysis ; Drug Compounding ; methods ; standards ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Glycosides ; analysis ; Linear Models ; Pyrans ; analysis ; Quality Control ; Reproducibility of Results ; Scrophularia ; chemistry ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Solvents ; chemistry ; Temperature

Objective To analyze the clinical distribution and change of antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and observe the use of clinical antibiotics so as to provide guidance for the rational use of antibiotics and the effective control of infection. Methods Retrospective review on distribution and antimicrobial resistance of the 859 strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa collected from January 2012 to December 2014, the use of corresponding antibiotics was analyzed in terms of DDDs and use intensity. Results A total of 859 P. aeruginosa strains were isolated, mostly from sputum specimens(583 strains, 67.9%) and burn specimens (110 strains, 12.8%). The isolation rate of multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa (MDRPA) was 19.0%and the isolation rate of pan-drug resistant P. aeruginosa (PDRPA) was 5.5%. According to the resistance monitoring results, the antimicrobial resistance rate of P. aeruginosa to amikacin, piperacillin-tazobactam and gentamicin were less than 10.0%, the antimicrobial resistance rate to meropenem, piperacillin, ciprofloxacin, cefepime, ceftazidime, imipenem, levofloxacin and aztreonam varied at 12.4%-23.9%. The DDDs showed that the use intensity of cefuroxime, cefoperazone-sulbactam and levofloxacin ranked in the top 4 for three consecutive years, while that of meropenem and imipenem stayed a relatively low level, the use intensity of aztre-onam reduced substantially. Conclusion P. aeruginosa was the main cause of respiratory tract and burn wound infec-tion, the detection rate of showed an upward trend from 2012 to 2014, while the detection rate of multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa (MDRPA) and pan-drug resistant P. aeruginosa (PDRPA) has declined. The resistance rate of P. aerugi-nosa to commonly used antimicrobial agents was decreased. Therefore, the work of monitoring drug resistance and pro-moting rational application of antibiotics should be strengthened.

OBJECTIVETo optimize the manufacturing process of the total flavonoid from Chrysanthemum morifolium and Sophora japonica, and establish the quality control methods for total flavonoid and its indicative constituents.

METHODThe solvent for extraction was investigated and L9 (3(4)) orthogonal experiment was used to optimize the extraction process of the total flavonoid. Colorimetric method was used to determine the content of total flavonoid, and HPLC was used to determine the content of the indicative constituents.

RESULTThe optimized manufacturing process of the total flavonoid was that the prescribed crude drugs were extracted by using 70% ethanol for 3 times, 1 h each time. The extract was concentrated to the final concentration of 0.5 g x mL(-1), and was subjected to HPD-600 macroporous resin column chromatography at the weight ratio 1 : 0. 5 of crude drugs to macroporous resin. The sample was eluted with water in the volume of 10 times of the resin's, and then was desorpted with 85% ethanol in the volume of 5 times of the resin's. The content of total flavonoid was determined as 64.98%-66.79%, and the content of indicative constituents was determined as 5.87% - 6.93% for luteolin-7-O-glucoside and 14.09%-16.62% for rutin.

CONCLUSIONExtracting with aqueous alcohol in combination with purifying with macroporous resin column chromatography is an efficient way to prepare the total flavonoid from Ch. morifolium and S. japonica, and the colorimetric and the HPLC methods are useful for its quality control.

Chemical Fractionation ; methods ; Chromatography, Liquid ; methods ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; standards ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; standards ; Quality Control ; Sophora ; chemistry

Objective To evaluate the effects of Cypher~(TM) Stent on endothelium regeneration and platelet activation after angioplasty. Methods Six mongrel dogs were implanted Cypher~(TM) stent and Bx sonic stent in the same artery.The target vessels were ablated after angiography and observed by scanning electron microscope at one month and three months after implantation of stents respectively.Result At one month,target vessels of Cypher~(TM) stent were covered with endothelium partly and platelet activation was observed.Target vessels of Bx sonic stent were entirely covered with endothelium and platelet activation wasn't observed.Three months later,target vessels of Cypher~(TM) stent and Bx sonic stent were entirely covered with endothelium and there was no platelet activation on the vessel surface for both groups.Conclusion Endothelium regeneration after implantation of Cypher~(TM) stent was much slower than that of implantation of bare metallic stent,and at three months,the endothelialization was finished.Intensive anti-platelet therapy should be considered after implantation of Cypher~(TM) stent.

Aim To investigate the effect of curcumin against high-fat-diet induced C57BL/6J mice bone changes and the correlation between the expression of cathepsin K and curcumin.Methods Curcumin treated C57BL/6J mice had been on high fat diet for 12 weeks.The HE, Alizarin red S staining and Safranin O/fast green staining of femur were employed to evaluate bone microstructure, bone metabolism and bone development.The expressions of cathepsin K were assessed by Western blot and immunohistochemical staining.Results Histopathological results showed that curcumin could improve the destruction of trabecular bone structure, cartilage development and bone calcification.Biomechanical results proved that curcumin could improve the bone strength of the type 2 diabetic mice induced by high fat.The results of immunohistochemistry and Western blot assay indicated that curcumin could significantly inhibit the expression of cathepsin K in bone tissues of mice.Conclusion Curcumin can increase bone strength, improve bone microstructure, and enhance the degree of bone calcification, which may be achieved by inhibiting the expression of cathepsin K.