Objective Impedance control plays an important role in stability.This paper intends to explore such mechanism through modeling human reaching movement.Method Implemented with revised model,we ap-ply optimal control theory to neuro-muscle-skeleton model to calculate the stiffness ellipses.Result Com-pared with the original model and experimental figures,the model we proposed could overcome the shortage of monotonous changing of the original one and fit the data better.Conclusions So that this paper concludes that co-contraction contributes to impedance control even during free upper limb planar movement.

We investigated the release of superxide anion ( O2- ) in human granulocytes stimulated by leukocyte factor ( LF ) and/or concan-avalin A ( Con A ). Some amount of O2- can be released by granulocytes, when LF or Con A was applied alone. The pretreat-ment of granulocytes with a low concentration LF1 potentiated O2-release in granulocytes stimulated by Con A, and the lag time of O2-release was reduced. The results show that the granulocytes were activated by LF. This phenomenon may be related to the curative effects of LF.

Objective To evaluate the effect of propofol on brain injury during hepatic ischemiareperfusion (I/R) in preadolescent mice.Methods Forty-eight healthy male C57BL/6 mice.aged 2 weeks,weighing 6-9 g,were allocated to one of 3 groups (n=16 each) using a random nunber table:sham operation group (group S),hepatic I/R group (group I/R) and propofol group (group P).Hepatic I/R was produced by occlusion of the blood supply to the median and left lobes of the liver for 60 min followed by reperfusion in anesthetized mice.In group P,1％ propofol 30 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected at 30 min before skin incision,while the equal volume of normal saline was given instead in S and I/R groups.Blood samples were collected and brains were removed at 24 h of reperfusion,and hippocampi were then isolated.The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) in hippocampi and levels of TNF-α,IL-1β,S-100β protein and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The pathological changes of hippocampi were examined with a light microscope,the apoptosis in hippocampal cells was measured using TUNEL,and the apoptotic index was calculated.Results Compared with group S,the TNF-α and IL-1β levels in serum and hippocampi,levels of S-100β protein and NSE in serum and apoptotic index were significantly increased (P＜0.01),and the pathological changes of hippocampi were aggravated in I/R and P groups.Compared with group I/R,the TNF-α and IL-1β levels in serum and hippocampi,levels of S-100β protein and NSE in serum and apoptotic index were significantly decreased (P＜0.05),and the pathological changes of hippocampi were attenuated in group P.Conclusion Propofol reduces brain injury induced by hepatic I/R,and the mechanism may be related to inhibition of systemic and central inflammatory responses of preadolescent mice.

Aim To investigate the effects of harpagide on cerebral ischemia and the mitochondria mediated Caspase dependent apoptotic signaling pathway in mice.Methods The MCAO was employed to establish MCAO model.When the models were established, the mice were given harpagide (4, 8, 12 mg·kg-1) and edaravone (3.2 mg·kg-1) [0.1 ml·(10 g)-1] by tail vein injection after MCAO immediately.And the model and control mice were given equivalent normal saline by the same way.After MCAO for 6 h, the behavior, volume of cerebral ischemia and pathological changes in the brain were observed.Westernblot was employed to determine the contents of Cyt C in mitochondrion and pro-caspase-3 in endochylema.Results Compared with the model group, harpagide (4, 8, 12 mg·kg-1) could significantly decrease the increased nerve functional score, brain index, brain water content and volume of cerebral ischemia induced by cerebral ischemia.Harpagide (4, 8, 12 mg·kg-1) could reduce the contents of Cyt C in mitochondrion and pro-caspase-3 in endochylema.Conclusion Harpagide may have protective effect on the cerebral ischemia injury in mice, which might be related to the inhibition of the cerebral mitochondria mediated Caspase dependent apoptotic signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the effects of hydrogen-rich HC-A solution,the self-made kidney preservation solution,on renal cold ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats.Methods Twenty-four healthy male Wistar rats,aged 8-10 weeks,weighing 200-250 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =8 each):control group (H1 group),common kidney preservation solution group (H2 group) and hydrogen-rich HC-A kidney preservation solution group (H3 group).In H1 group,only the right kidney was removed.In H2 group,the left kidney was perfused with and cold stored in 4 ℃ common HC-A kidney preservation solution.In H3 group,the left kidney was perfused with and cold stored in a container filled with 4 ℃ common HC-A kidney preservation solution.Blood samples were obtained from the inferior vena cava at 24 h of reperfusion to detect the levels of serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN),creatinine (Cr),TNF-α and IL-6.Left kidneys were removed for determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) contents and for examination of the pathological changes in renal tissues (by light microscopy).Results The levels of serum BUN,Cr,TNF-α and IL-6 and contents of MDA and 8-OHdG were significantly higher in H2 and H3 groups than in H1 group,and lower in H3 group than in H2 group (P ＜ 0.05).There were no significant pathological changes in renal tissues in H1 group,the damage to renal tubules was obvious in H2 group and the damage to renal tubules was significantly ameliorated in H3 group as compared with H2 group.Conclusion Hydrogen-rich kidney preservation solution can attenuate renal cold I/R injury in rats.

In view of the increasing number of patients undergoing kidney dialysis or transplant every year, a survey of the literature on renal protective medicinal plants was undertaken. Most of them are from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Although many of the medicinal herbs reported have not been investigated in terms of active chemical ingredients, some do have compounds well characterized. They fall into a wide range of structures. Several groups of compounds with well established activities are discussed. These include: antioxidant phenolic compounds like tannins, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, unsaturated organic acids and lignans; circulation enhancing compounds like saponins, and basic alkaloids with multiple targets (G-protein coupled receptors). Also presented are proinflammatory and antiinflammatory fatty acids like linoleic (n-6) and α-linolenic (n-3) acids, respectively. Attention is also drawn to the plants containing nephrotoxic aristolochic acid. Different directions of future research are also presented. We hope that this review may provide some leads for new drug discovery and development, and more rational application of TCM.
Animals ; Humans ; Kidney ; drug effects ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Protective Agents ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Structure-Activity Relationship

In this paper, we investigate how the population of neuronal oscillators deals with information, and analyze the dynamic evolution of neural coding when the outer stimulation acts on it on the base of our former work. By numerically computing for the model, we obtain the figure of average number density, which is used to describe the action potential of the neurons within population in three-dimensional space, namely the dynamic evolution of neural coding. The result of numerical analysis indicates that the model in this paper can be used to describe the evolutional process of abundant mutual interactional neurons acted by outer stimulation. The numerical result also proves that only the suitable stimulation can change the coupling structure of neurons. And the evolution model given in this paper incarnates the neural plasticity.
Action Potentials ; physiology ; Animals ; Brain ; physiology ; Linear Models ; Models, Neurological ; Neural Pathways ; physiology ; Neuronal Plasticity ; physiology ; Neurons ; physiology ; Stochastic Processes ; Synaptic Transmission ; physiology

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of autologous splenic segment implantation after splenectomy for traumatic rupture. Methods This study included 42 patients with traumatic splenic rupture who were treated between July 2014 and August 2016 at the Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenyang Medical College. The patients were divided into an observation group (n = 23) and a control group (n = 19). Informed consent was provided by the patient or family members. The control group underwent routine splenectomy, and the observation group underwent implantation of autologous spleen segments after splenectomy. Results The operative time in the observation group was significantly longer than in the control group (P < 0.05). The intraoperative blood loss,time to postoperative return to oral feeding,and length of hospital stay were not statistically different (P > 0.05). The rate of postoperative wound infections in the observation group was significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.05). All spleen segments developed well in the observation group. At 30 postoperative days,platelets were increased in both groups,but the level in the observation group was significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.05). IgG,IgM,and IgA levels were significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group at 28 postoperative days (P < 0.01). CD3+ and CD4+/CD8+ levels were significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group at 14 and 28 postoperative days (P < 0.01). Conclusion Implantation of autologous spleen segments after splenectomy for trauma could be feasible and effective.

Objective:To explore the risk factors for the occurrence of thrombocytopenia (TCP) within 2 weeks after pediatric liver transplantation (LT) and examine the relationship between the occurrence of TCP and prognosis.Methods:From January 2021 to November 2021, clinical data were retrospectively reviewed for 162 pediatric LT recipients aged under 4 years at Organ Transplantation Center of Tianjin First Central Hospital.Based upon the lowest value of platelet count at Week 2 post-operation, they were assigned into two groups of TCP (n=90) and non-TCP (n=72). General preoperative profiles, intraoperative findings, postoperative complications, types of commonly used antibiotics, anticoagulant dosing and prognosis of two groups were compared.Univariate and multivariate analyses were utilized for examining the independent risk factors for TCP.Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted for examining the cut-off value of independent risk factors for diagnosing TCP.Results:Among them, 90 (55.56%) developed TCP within 2 weeks post-operation and 25(15.43%) developed TCP at Day 1 post-operation.The median preoperative platelet count was 178×10 9/L and the lowest value was 65×10 9/L at Day 3(1-4) post-operation with a declining rate of 63.5% and platelet count of recipient normalized at Day 6(4-7.25) post-operation.The results of univariate analysis showed statistically significant inter-group differences in operative duration[(574.43±80.53)min vs.(526.75±72.42)min], intraoperative blood loss[400(300, 550)ml vs.320(300, 400)ml], red blood cell transfusion[2(2, 3)U vs.2(1.5, 2.0)U], preoperative platelet count[178.5(141.75, 242.5)×10 9/L vs.257 (209.75, 357)×10 9/L], postoperative infection rate[27.8%(25/90)vs.13.9%(10/72)] and dosing rates of piperacillin sodium and tazobactam sodium[8.9%(8/90)vs.25.0%(18/72)] ( P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed statistically significant inter-group differences in operative duration( P=0.008), red blood cell transfusion( P=0.01), preoperative platelet count( P<0.01) and postoperative infection rate ( P=0.02). The results of ROC curve analysis showed that the cut-off values of operative duration, red blood cell transfusion and preoperative platelet count were 535 min, 2.75 U and 183.5×10 9/L respectively.Length of ICU stay was higher in TCP group than that in non-TCP group, and the difference was statistically significant [4(3, 5) vs.3(3, 4) day, P=0.006]. Conclusions:LT children aged under 4 years with intraoperative red blood cell transfusion>2.75 U, operative duration>535 min and preoperative platelet count<183.5×10 9/L are more likely to develop post-transplantation TCP.And occurrence of TCP prolongs the length of ICU stay in pediatric recipients.